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simony the selling or buying of a position in a Christian church gothic relating to a style of church architecture that developed in medieval Europe, featuring ribbed vaults, stained glass windows, flying buttresses, pointed arched, and tall spires Urban II Called First Crusade in 1095; appealed to Christians to mount military assault to free the Holy Land from the Muslims. Crusade any of the more or less continuous military expeditions in the 11-13th centuries when Christian powers of Europe tried to recapture the Holy Land from the Muslims Saladin (1137-1193) Powerful Muslim ruler during Third Crusade, defeated Christians at Hattin took Jerusalem Richard the Lion Hearted English king, leader of the Third Crusade, agreed to a truce with Saladin Reconquista The effort by Christian leaders to drive the Muslims out of Spain, lasting from the 1100s until 1492. Inquisition a former tribunal of the Roman Catholic Church (1232-1820) created to discover and suppress heresy guild A medieval organization of crafts workers or trades people. three- field system a system of farming developed in medieval Europe, in which farm land was divided into three fields of equal size and each of these was successively planted with a winter crop, planted with a spring crop, and left unplanted. Commercial Revolution the expansion of the trade and buisness that transformed European economies during the 16th and 17th centuries. burgher n. An inhabitant, citizen or freeman of a borough burgh, or corporate town. vernacular the everyday speech of the people (as distinguished from literary language) Thomas Aquinas (Roman Catholic Church) Italian theologian and Doctor of the Church who is remembered for his attempt to reconcile faith and reason in a comprehensive theology scholastics Medieval professors who developed a method of thinking, reasoning, and writing in which questions were raised and authorities cited on both sides of a question. William the Conqueror duke of Normandy who led the Norman invasion of England and became the first Norman to be King of England Henry II In 1154, He became king of England, broadened the system of royal justice by expanding accepted customs into law and establishing royal courts. Married to Eleanor of Aquitaine, father of King John common law (civil law) a law established by following earlier judicial decisions Magna Carta the royal charter of political rights given to rebellious English barons by King John in 1215 parliament a legislative assembly in certain countries (e.g., Great Britain) Hugh Capet King of France elected in 987 and founding the Capetian dynasty (940-996) Philip II son of Louis VII whose reign as king of France saw wars with the English that regained control of Normandy and Anjou and most of Poitou (1165-1223) Estates social class in pre-revolution France Avigon city in france where the pope ruled for 69 years. Great Schism a period of division in the Roman Catholic Church, 1378-1417, over papal succession, during which there were two, or sometimes three, claimants to the papal office John Wycliffe (c.1328-1384) Forerunner to the Reformation. Created English Lollardy. Attacked the corruption of the clergy, and questioned the power of the pope. jan Hus The leader of the Czech religious reforms, and the spiritual founder of the Protestant reformation in the 1500's. He was convicted by the Council of Constance for heresy. Bubonic Plague A bacterial disease of fleas that can be transmitted by flea bites to rodents and humans; humans in late stages of the illness can spread the bacteria by coughing. High mortality rate and hard to contain. Disastrous. (280) Hundred Years War Series of campaigns over control of the throne of France, involving English and French royal families and French noble families. (p. 413) Joan of Arc French heroine and military leader inspired by religious visions to organize French resistance to the English and to have Charles VII crowned king