MORT 263 - Anatomy & Pathology II - Final Vocabulary
Order by
490 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Abdominal anatomical region | 9-region plan: by means of four imaginary planes, two of which are horizontal (indicated by lines drawn across the right and left tenth ribs and across the right and left anterior superior iliac spines) and two sagittal (indicated by lines drawn from the mid-point of the inguinal ligament to the nipples of the chest or mid-point of the clavicle, right and left side |
| 4-region plan: by means of two imaginary planes, one horizontal and the other mid-sagittal | ... |
| Abdominal cavity | the cavity containing the abdominal organs; lying between the diaphragm and the pelvis |
| Abduction | movement of a body part away from the midline of the body |
| ABO group | the red blood cell type determined by the presence or absence of A or B antigens on the red blood cell membrane; the four types are A, B, AB and O |
| Abscess | localized accumulation of pus |
| Absorption | the taking in of materials by cells or tissues |
| Accessory (auxiliary, assisting) | this term is applied to a lesser structure that resembles in structure and function a similar organ, as an example the accessory pancreatic duct |
| Achilles tendon | common tendon of the calf muscles that attaches to the heel (calcaneus); named after a mythical Greek warrior who was vulnerable only in the heel |
| Acidosis | condition characterized by a lower than normal blood pH (pH of 7.35 or lower) |
| Acne | inflammation of the sebaceous gland and hair follicles |
| Acquired | presents itself after birth |
| Acquired immunity | immunity that is obtained after birth through the use of injections or exposure to a harmful agent |
| Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) | a specific group of diseases or conditions which are indicative of severe immunosuppression related to infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV); infects helper T-cells; persons dead having had AIDS may exhibit conditions such as wasting syndrome, extra-pulmonary tuberculosis and Kaposi's sarcoma |
| Acromegaly | hyperfunction of pituitary gland after ossification has been completed |
| Action potential | the changes of electrical charges on either side of a cell membrane in response to stimulus; depolarization followed by repolarization |
| Active immunity | the immunity provided by the production of antibodies after exposure to a foreign antigen; may be natural or artificial |
| Active transport | The process in which there is movement of molecules against a concentration gradient; that is from an area of lesser concentration to an area of greater concentration |
| Acute | A disease with a more or less rapid onset and short duration |
| Addison's disease | disease of the adrenal gland resulting in low blood sugar, low blood protein, weight loss and weakness |
| Adduction | the movement of a body part toward the midline of the body |
| Adenoid | enlarged pharyngeal tonsil |
| Adenology | the study of glands |
| Adenoma | benign tumor of the glandular epithelium |
| Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) | chemical compound that provides energy for use of body cells |
| Adipocyte | a cell of adipose tissue, specialized to store fat |
| Adipose tissue | a connective tissue composed primarily of adipocytes; functions as fat storage as a source of potential energy |
| Adrenal gland | a triangular body covering the superior surface of each kidney |
| Adrenalin | synonym for epinephrine |
| Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) | a hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol |
| Aerobic | requiring oxygen |
| Afferent | to carry toward a center or main point |
| Agglutination | intravascular; the increase in viscosity of blood brought about by the clumping of particulate formed elements in the blood vessels; a specific form of coagulation |
| Albumin | a protein synthesized by the liver, which circulates in blood plasma; contributes to the colloid osmotic pressure of the blood |
| Aldosterone | a hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that increases the reabsorption of sodium and the excretion of potassium by the kidneys |
| Alimentary canal | the digestive system tube from the mouth to the anus, including the mouth or buccal cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach and small and large intestines |
| Alkalosis | condition characterized by a higher than normal blood pH (pH of 7.45 or above) |
| Allergies | having an acquired, abnormal (hypersensitive) immune response to a substance (allergen) that does not normally cause a reaction |
| Alpha cells | the cells of the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas that secrete the hormone glucagons |
| Alveolar process | bony ridge found on the inferior surface of the maxilla and the superior surface of the mandible that contains the sockets for the teeth |
| Alveolar type I cell | simple squamous epithelial cell that forms the walls of the alveoli of the lungs |
| Alveolar type II cell | the septal cells in the lungs that produce pulmonary surfactant |
| Alveoli | the air sacs of the lungs, made of simple squamous epithelium, in which gas exchange takes place |
| Alzheimer's disease | a progressive brain disease of unknown cause resulting in loss of memory, intellectual ability, speech and motor control |
| Amelia | congenital absence of one or more limbs |
| Amino acid | building blocks of which proteins are constructed, and the end products of protein digestion or hydrolysis; their basic formula is NH2-CHR-COOH - an amino group (an alpha carbon, any aliphatic or aromatic radical and a carboxyl group) |
| Amniotic fluid | the fluid contained within the amnion; cushions the fetus and absorbs shock |
| Amphiarthrosis | A slightly moveable joint, such as a symphysis |
| Amylase | a digestive enzyme that breaks down starch to maltose; secreted by the salivary glands and the pancreas |
| Anabolism | synthesis reactions in which smaller molecules are bonded together to form larger molecules; require energy (ATP) and are catalyzed by enzymes |
| Anaerobic | in the absence of oxygen; not requiring oxygen |
| Anaplasia | growth of abnormal cells, as in a tumor or neoplasm |
| Anasarca | generalized massive edema in subcutaneous tissue |
| Anastomosis | a connection or joining especially of blood vessels |
| Anatomical guide | descriptive references for locating arteries and veins by means of the anatomical structures which are known |
| Anatomical position | the body is erect, feet together, palms facing forward and thumbs pointed away from the body |
| Anatomy | the structure of an organ, the branch of science dealing with the structure or organisms |
| Anemia | a decrease in the number of erythrocytes, hemoglobin, or both |
| Aneurysm | a localized dilation of a blood vessel |
| Angiology | the study of vessels |
| Angle of the mandible | body angle formed by the junction of the posterior edge of the ramus of the mandible and the inferior surface of the body of the mandible |
| Antagonism | mutual opposition or contrary action; the inhibition of one bacteria by another |
| Anterior (ventral) | before or in front of, refers to the ventral or abdominal side of the body |
| Anterior nares | external nostril openings |
| Anterior superior iliac spine | a bony protuberance that can be palpated topographically, found on the ilium, the superior broad portion of the hip bone; the origin of the inguinal ligament and the sartorius muscle |
| Antibody (immunoglobulin) | glycoprotein substance developed in response to, and interacting specifically with, an antigen |
| Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) | a hormone produced by the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary gland; increases the reabsorption of water by the kidney tubules |
| Antigen | a foreign substance that stimulates the formation of antibodies that interact specifically with it |
| Antisepsis | the prevention or inhibiting of the growth of causative microorganisms |
| Antithrombin | a protein synthesized by the liver that inactivates excess thrombin to prevent abnormal clotting |
| Aorta | large elastic artery that is the main trunk of the systemic arterial system, which carries blood from the left ventricle of the heart and passes through the thorax and abdomen |
| Aortic semilunar valve | the valve at the junction of the left ventricle and the aorta; prevents backflow of blood from the aorta to the ventricle when the ventricle relaxes |
| Aphasia | impairment or absence of the ability to communicate in speech, reading or writing; may involve word deafness or word blindness |
| Aplastic anemia | failure of the red bone marrow resulting in decreased number of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets; may be a side effect of some medications |
| Aplasia | failure of a tissue or an organ to develop normally |
| Apocrine gland | the type of sweat gland found primarily in the axilla and genital area; actually a modified scent gland |
| Appendicular skeleton | the bony structure that makes up the shoulder girdle, upper extremities, pelvis and lower extremities |
| Aqueous | watery, prepared with water as a solvent |
| Aqueous humor | clear, thin alkaline fluid that fills the anterior chamber of the eyeball |
| Areolar | containing minute interspaces in a tissue |
| Areolar connective tissue | a tissue that consists of tissue fluid, fibroblasts, collagen and elastic fibers, and wandering wbc's; found in all mucous membranes and in subcutaneous tissue |
| Arrhythmia | an abnormal or irregular rhythm of the heart |
| Arteriosclerosis | disease of the arteries resulting in thickening and loss of elasticity of the arterial walls |
| Articulation | the place of union between two or more bones; a joint |
| Ascites | accumulation of free serous fluid in the abdominal cavity |
| Astrocyte | a type of neuralgia that forms the blood-brain barrier to prevent potentially harmful substances from affecting brain neurons |
| Atheroma | fatty degeneration of thickening of the walls of the larger arteries occurring in atherosclerosis |
| Atherosclerosis | a form of arteriosclerosis marked by the deposition of lipids in the inner layer of arterial walls |
| Atrioventricular bundle (AV bundle, bundle of His) | bundle of modified cardiac muscle fibers that projects from the AV node through the interventricular septum; conducts action potentials from the AV node rapidly through the interventricular septum |
| Atrioventricular node (AV node) | small collection of specialized cardiac muscle fibers located in the inferior part of the right atrium; functions to delay action potential transmission to the AV bundle |
| Atrioventricular valve (AV valve) | valve located between the atrium and the ventricle of the heart; the tricuspid valve between the right atrium and right ventricle; the bicuspid (mitral) valve between the left atrium and left ventricle |
| Atrophy | a wasting; decrease in size of an organ or tissue |
| Attenuation | dilution or weakening of virulence of a microorganism, reducing or abolishing pathogenicity |
| Autolysis | self-destruction of cells; decomposition of all tissues by enzymes of their own formation without microbial assistance |
| Autotrophic bacteria | self-nourishing bacteria that are capable of growing in the absence of organic compounds; organisms that obtain carbon from carbon dioxide |
| Axial | situated in or pertaining to an axis (a real or imaginary line that runs through the center of a body or about which a point revolves) |
| Axial skeleton | 80 bones including the skull, vertebrae, thorax and hyoid bone |
| Axon | the cellular process of a neuron that carries impulses away from the cell body |
| Autopsy (necropsy) | a postmortem examination of the organs and tissue of a body to determine cause of death or pathological condition |
| Bacillus (bacilli) | rod shaped bacteria |
| Bacteremia | the presence of bacteria in the blood |
| Bacteria | a prokaryotic one-celled microorganism of the Kingdom Monera, existing as free living organisms or as parasites, multiplying by binary fission and having a large range of biochemical properties |
| Bacterial colony | a visible group of bacteria growing on a solid medium, presumably arising from a single microorganism |
| Bactericide | an agent that destroys bacteria but not necessarily their spores |
| Bacteriology | science that studies bacteria |
| Benign | mild in character or non-malignant; does not spread to distant sites |
| Beta cells | the cells of the islet of Langerhans of the pancreas that secrete the hormone insulin |
| Bilateral symmetry | the symmetry of paired organs, of an organisms whose right and left halves are mirror images of each other, or in which a median longitudinal section divides the organism into equivalent right and left halves |
| Biliary | pertaining to bile |
| Biliary tract | the organs and ducts that participate in the secretion, storage and delivery of bile in the duodenum |
| Binary fission | a method of asexual reproduction involving halving of the nucleus and cytoplasm of the cell followed by the development of each half into a new individual |
| Biopsy | the process of removing tissue from living patients for diagnostic examination or a specimen obtained by biopsy |
| Biological vector | an arthropod vector in which the disease causing organism multiplies or develops within the arthropod prior to becoming infective for a susceptible individual |
| Bladder | a membranous sac or receptacle for a secretion |
| Blister | thin vesicle on the skin containing liquid matter |
| Blood | tissue that circulates through the vascular system and is composed of approximately 22% solids and 78% water |
| Body of the mandible | horizontal portion of the lower jaw |
| Boil (furuncle) | acute, deep-seated inflammation in the skin which usually begins as a subcutaneous swelling in a hair follicle |
| Buccal | relating to the cheek or mouth |
| Burn | to oxidize or to cause to be oxidized by fire or equivalent means; a tissue reaction or injury resulting from the application of heat, extreme cold, caustic material, radiation, friction or electricity |
| Cachexia | a general state of ill health, associated with emaciation; severe form of malnutrition |
| Canal | a narrow tube, channel or passageway |
| Cancer | any malignant neoplasm marked by uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells |
| Capsule | a sheath or continuous enclosure around an organ or structure; the membrane that surrounds some bacterial cells; a loose gel-like structure that, in pathogenic bacteria, helps to protect against phagocytosis |
| Carbuncle | several communicating boils of the skin and subcutaneous tissues with the production of discharge of pus and dead tissue |
| Carcinogen | a cancer-causing chemical or material |
| Carcinoma | a malignant tumor derived from epithelial tissue |
| Cardiology | the study of the heart |
| Carotid canal | a canal in the petrous portion of the temporal lobe that transmits the internal carotid artery and the internal carotid plexus of sympathetic nerves |
| Cartilage | a specialized type of dense connective tissue; attached to the ends of bones and forming parts of structures, such as nasal septum and the framework of the ear |
| Cavitation | formation of cavities in an organ or tissue; frequently seen in some forms of tuberculosis |
| Central | situated at or pertaining to a center or central point |
| Chlamydia | a large group of non-motile, gram negative intracellular parasites |
| Choanae | funnel shaped openings, especially of the posterior nares; one of the communicating passageways between the nasal fossae and the pharynx |
| Chordae tendineae | tendinous strands running from the papillary muscles to the free margin of the cusps that make up the tricuspid and bicuspid valves; prevents the cusps of these valves from extending up into the atria during ventricular contraction |
| Chronic | a disease with a more or less slow onset and long duration |
| Cleft palate | congenitally malformed palate with a fissure along the midline |
| Clinical pathology | study of disease by means of body secretions, excretions, and other body fluids performed in the laboratory in the diagnosis of a disease |
| Clostridium perfrigens | anaerobic, saprophytic, spore-forming bacterium, responsible for tissue gas; referred to as gas bacillus |
| Coccus (cocci) | a type of bacteria that is spherical or ovoid in form |
| Colon | the large intestine from the end of the cecum to the anal canal that surrounds the anus |
| Commensalism | the symbiotic relationship of two organisms of different species in which one gains some benefit such as protection or nourishment and the other is not harmed or benefitted |
| Communicable | a disease that may be transmitted directly or indirectly from one individual to another |
| Complication | an unfavorable condition arising during the course of a disease |
| Concha | one of the three nasal conchae; a scroll-like bone |
| Concussion | the immediate and temporary disturbance of brain function |
| Condyle | a rounded protuberance at the end of the bone forming an articulation |
| Congenital | existing at the time of birth or shortly thereafter |
| Congestion | accumulation of an access of blood or tissue fluid in a body part |
| Contamination | the act of introducing disease germs or infectious material into an area of substance |
| Contusion | a bruise, often accompanied with swelling |
| Cortex | the outer layer of an organ as distinguished from the inner medulla, as in the adrenal gland, kidney, ovary, lymph node, thymus, cerebrum and cerebellum |
| Cretinism | a congenital condition due to hypothyroidism resulting in mental retardation |
| Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease (vCJD) | a disease of the central nervous system with unknown etiology, assumed to be a slow virus; because of unknown etiology, caregivers using invasive procedures use extreme caution |
| Cryptorchism | condition in which the descent of a testis into the scrotum is arrested at some point in the normal path |
| Curvature | a normal or abnormal bending or sloping away; a curve |
| Cyanosis | bluish discoloration of the skin or mucous membrane due to a lack of oxygen |
| Cyst | a sac within or on the body surface containing air or fluid |
| Cystic | of or pertaining to a cyst; pertaining to the gallbladder; pertaining to the urinary bladder |
| Deep | below the surface |
| Deficiency | disease due to lack of dietary or metabolic substance |
| Degeneration | the deterioration of tissue with corresponding functional impairment as a result of disease or injury |
| Dehydration | loss of moisture from body tissue which may occur antemortem or postmortem |
| Detoxification | reduction of the toxic properties of a poisonous substance |
| Diagnosis | the term denoting the naming of t he disease or syndrome; to recognize the nature of a disease |
| Dialysis | separation of substances in solution by the difference in their rates of diffusion through a semi-permeable membrane |
| Dilation | the condition of the heart bending enlarged, occurring normally, artificially, or as a result of disease |
| Diplobacilli | a double bacillus, two being linked end to each; Morax-Axenfeld bacillus, a cause of conjunctivitis is typical of this form |
| Diplococcus | a genus of bacteria that occur in pairs |
| Disease | any deviation from or interruption of the normal structure or function of a body part, organ or system |
| Disinfectant | a chemical or physical agent that kills disease-causing microorganisms |
| Disinfection | the destruction of infectious agents by chemical or physical means |
| Distal | farthest from the center, from a medial line, or from the trunk; opposite the proximal |
| Drug-fast | resistant, as in bacteria, to the action of a drug or drugs |
| Dry gangrene (ischemic necrosis) | condition that results when the body part that dies had little blood and remains aseptic and occurs when the arteries, but not the veins, are obstructed |
| Dysplasia | abnormal development of tissue |
| Ecchymosis | small, non-elevated hemorrhagic patch; extravasation of blood into a tissue |
| Ectopic pregnancy | the implantation of the fertilized ovum in a site other than the normal one in the uterine cavity |
| Edema (dropsy) | abnormal accumulation of fluids in tissue or body cavity |
| Emaciation | excessive wasting away of the body |
| Embolism | free floating object in the blood stream |
| Eminence | a prominence or projection, especially of a bone |
| Empyema | pus in the pleural cavity |
| Endemic | a disease that is continuously present in a community; disease that occurs continuously in a particular region but has low mortality |
| Endocrine | an internal secretion; pertaining to a gland that secretes directly into the blood stream |
| Endogenous infection | produced or arising from within a cell or organism |
| Endospore | a thick walled spore within a bacterium |
| Endotoxin | bacterial toxin confined within the body of a bacterium freed only when the bacterium is broken down, found only in gram negative bacteria |
| Enzyme | an organic catalyst produced by living cells and capable of autolytic decomposition |
| Epidermis | outermost layer of skin; cuticle or scarf skin |
| Epidemic | a disease that is currently in higher than normal numbers; appearance of an infectious disease or condition that attacks many people at the same time in the same geographical area |
| Epilepsy | a chronic neurogenic disease marked by sudden alterations in consciousness and frequently by convulsions |
| Epistaxis | bleeding from the nose |
| Erythrocyte | red blood cell; biconcave disk that contains hemoglobin, which transports oxygen and carbon dioxide; a mature erythrocyte does not contain red bone marrow |
| Etiology | the study of the cause of disease |
| Exacerbation | increase in severity of a disease |
| Exocrine | a term applied to the external secretion of a gland |
| Exogenous infections | originating outside an organ or part |
| Exotoxin | a toxin produced by a microorganism and excreted into its surrounding medium |
| Exsanguination | loss of blood to the point where life can no longer be sustained |
| External | exterior; the opposite of internal |
| External auditory meatus | the lateral, outer opening of the external auditory canal |
| Exudate | the fluid that oozes through the tissues into a cavity or to the surface; a product of inflammation |
| Facultative aerobe | a microorganism that prefers an environment devoid of oxygen but has adapted so that it can live and grow in the presence of oxygen |
| Facultative anaerobe | a microorganism that prefers an oxygen environment but is capable of living and growing in its absence |
| Facultative saprophyte | a microorganism that prefers living organic matter as a source of nutrition but can adapt to the use of dead organic matter under certain conditions |
| Fat | organic compound containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen; chemically a triglyceride ester, composed of glycerol and fatty acids |
| Fatty acids | a product of decomposition of fats |
| Febrile | term associated with fever |
| Fibrin | a threadlike protein fiber derived from fibrinogens by the action of thrombin; forms a clot, that is a network of fibers that traps blood cells, platelets and fluid, which stops bleeding |
| Focal infection | one in which the organisms are originally confined to one area but enter the blood or lymph vessels and spread to other parts of the body |
| Fomite | any inanimate object to which infectious material adheres and can be transmitted |
| Fossa | a furrow or shallow depression |
| Frontal eminence | a rounded prominence on either side of the median line and a little below the center of the frontal bone |
| Frontal sinuses | an irregular cavity in the frontal bone on either side of the midline above the nasal bridge. One may be larger than the other |
| Fulminating | having rapid and severe onset, usually fatal |
| Functional | a condition or disease in which there is no recognizable change in anatomy |
| Fungicide | an agent that kills fungi |
| Fungus (fungi) | a group of diverse and widespread unicellular and multicellular organisms, lacking chlorophyll, usually bearing spores and often filamentous |
| Furuncle | an abscess or pyogenic infection of a sweat gland or hair follicle |
| Gallbladder | a pear shaped sac on the underside of the right lobe of the liver that stores bile received from the liver |
| Gaster | combining form meaning stomach |
| General infection | an infection that becomes systemic |
| General pathology | deals with the study of the widespread process of disease such as inflammation, degeneration, necrosis or cellular death, repair, etc., without reference to particular organs or organ systems |
| Germicide | a substance that destroys microorganisms |
| Gland | a secretory organ or structure; a cell or group of cells that can manufacture a secretion discharged and used in some other part of the body |
| Goiter | enlargement of the thyroid gland due to iodine deficiency |
| Gross pathology | study of changes in structure of the body that are readily seen with the unaided eye as a result of disease |
| Hematemesis | vomiting of blood |
| Hematoma | tumor like swelling of blood |
| Hematuria | Discharge of red blood cells in the urine |
| Hemophilia | an inherited hemorrhagic disease characterized by a tendency to excessive and sometimes spontaneous bleeding |
| Hemoptysis | blood in sputum |
| Hemorrhage | escape of blood from blood vascular system |
| Hepar | the liver |
| Hepatitis | inflammation of the liver; it may be caused by a variety of agents, including viral infections, bacterial invasion and physical or chemical agents; it is usually accompanied by fever, jaundice and an enlarged liver |
| Hereditary | genetic characteristics transmitted from parent to offspring |
| Hernia | abnormal protrusion of part of an organ through an abnormal opening in the wall that normally contains it |
| Heterocrine | a gland that has both endocrine and exocrine functions (example: pancreas) |
| Heterotrophic bacteria | an organism that must obtain its nourishment from complex organic matter |
| Hydrocele | abnormal collection of fluid in any sacculated cavity in the body, especially tunica vaginalis |
| Hydrocephalus | excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles of the brain |
| Hydronephrosis | distention of the pelvis and calyces of one or both kidneys with urine as a result of obstruction |
| Hydropericardium | abnormal accumulation of fluid within the pericardial sac |
| Hydrothorax | abnormal accumulation of fluid in the thoracic cavity |
| Hyperemia | excess of blood in an area of the body |
| Hyperplasia | the increased size of an organ or part due to the excessive but regulated increase in the number of its cells |
| Hypertrophy | the enlargement of an organ or part due to the increase in size of cells composing it |
| Hypochlorites (bleaches) | chlorine-containing compounds |
| Hypoplasia | underdevelopment of a tissue, organ or the body |
| Iatrogenic | results from the adverse activity of medical personnel |
| Idiopathic | of unknown cause (example: essential hypertension) |
| Indigenous flora (normal flora) | indicates the microbial population that lives with the host in a healthy condition |
| Infarction | the formation of an area of necrosis in a tissue caused by obstruction in the artery supplying the area |
| Infection | the state or condition in which the body or part of it is invaded by a pathogenic agent that, under favorable conditions, multiplies and produces injurious effects |
| Inferior | beneath; lower; used medically in reference to the undersurface of an organ or indicating a structure below another structure |
| Inferior nasal concha | a facial bone |
| Infestation | the harboring of animal parasites, especially macroscopic forms, such as ticks or mosquitoes |
| Infiltration | the process of seepage or diffusion into tissue of substances that are not ordinarily present |
| Inflammation | a tissue reaction to irritation, infection or injury marked by localized heat, swelling, redness, pain and sometimes loss of function |
| Insecticide | a substance that kills insects |
| Integumentary | relating to the integument (a covering; the skin, consisting of the corium or dermis, and epidermis) |
| Internal | within the body; within or on the inside; the opposite of external |
| Intoxication | state of being intoxicated, especially of being poisoned by a drug or toxic substance |
| Intracranial hemorrhage | extravasation of blood within the skull |
| Inversion | tissues turned in an opposite direction or folded inward |
| Iodophores | a compound consisting of iodine combined with a carrier, such as polyvinylpyrrolidone, often used as a preoperative skin disinfectant |
| Ischemia | reduction in arterial blood supply |
| Islet | a tiny isolated mass of one kind of tissue within another type |
| Islets of Langerhans | Clusters of cells in the pancreas |
| Jaundice | conditions characterized by excessive concentration of bilirubin in the skin and tissues and deposition of excessive bile pigment in the skin, cornea, body fluids and mucous membranes with the resulting yellow appearance of the patient |
| Joints | the point of juncture between the bones. A joint is usually formed of fibrous connective tissue and cartilage |
| Larvicide | substance used to kill insect larva |
| Lateral | pertaining to the side |
| Legionnaires' disease | a severe, often fatal bacterial disease characterized by pneumonia, dry cough and sometimes gastrointestinal symptoms |
| Lesion | specific pathologic structural and functional changes or both brought about by disease |
| Leukemia | disease characterized by the appearance of great numbers of immature and abnormal white blood cells |
| Leukocyte | white blood cell; nucleated cell involved in immunity. The five types of leukocytes are neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes and monocytes |
| Leukocytosis | increase in the number of white blood cells in the blood |
| Leukopenia | abnormal reduction in the number of white blood cells in the blood |
| Lobes | well defined parts of an organ separated by boundaries |
| Local infection | infection caused by germs lodging and multiplying at one point in a tissue and remaining there |
| Lumen | the cavity or opening of a vessel or intestine |
| Lymphoma | malignancy of lymphoid tissue |
| Lysin | specific antibody acting destructively upon cells and tissues |
| Lysosome | organelle that exists within a cell, but separate from the cell; contains hydrolytic enzymes that break down proteins and certain carbohydrates |
| Malformation | a defect or deformity |
| Mandibular fossa | the depression in the temporal bone into which the condyle of the mandible fits |
| Margin | a boundary such as the edge of a structure of the anatomy |
| Maximum temperature | temperature above which bacterial growth will not take place |
| Meatus | a passage or opening |
| Mechanical vector | a living organism or an object that is capable of transmitting infections by carrying the disease agent on its external body parts or surface |
| Medial | pertaining to the middle |
| Medico-legal (forensic) pathology | study of disease to ascertain cause and manner of death |
| Medulla | inner or central portion of an organ in contrast to the outer portion or cortex |
| Melena | blood in stool |
| Melanin | the brown to black-brown pigment in the epidermis and hair |
| Meningitis | inflammation of the meninges |
| Mesophile | bacteria that prefers moderate temperature and develops best at temperatures between 25 C and 40 C |
| Metaplasia | replacement of one type of tissue into a form that is not normally found there |
| Metastasize | transfer from its primary site to a distant location |
| Microaerohilic | a microorganism that requires very little free oxygen |
| Microbiology | scientific study of microorganisms and their effect on other living organisms |
| Microscopic pathology (histopathology) | study of microscopic changes that cells, tissues and organs undergo as a result of disease |
| Minimum temperature | temperature below which bacterial growth will not take place |
| Mixed infection | infection caused by two or more organisms |
| Moist (wet) gangrene | necrotic tissue that is wet as a result of inadequate venous drainage; may be accompanied by the invasion of saprophytic bacteria |
| Morbidity rate | relative incidence of a disease in the population or number of cases in a given time at a given population |
| Mortality rate | number of deaths in a given time or place or proportion of deaths to a population |
| Mutualism | a relationship in which organisms of two different species live in close association to the mutual benefit of each |
| Mycology | the branch of science concerned with the study of fungi |
| Mycoplasmas | bacteria of the Mycoplasma genus that are found in humans and most have no cell wall |
| Myology | the study of muscles |
| Nares | nostrils |
| Nasal septum | the partition that divides the nasal cavity into two fossae |
| Necrosis | pathological death of a tissue still a part of the living organism |
| Neoplasm (tumor) | the abnormal, excessive and uncontrolled multiplication of cells with the formation of a mass or new growth of tissue |
| Nephritis | inflammation of the kidneys |
| Neurology | the study of the nervous system |
| Nevus | birthmark; congenital skin blemish; any congenital anomaly including various types of birthmarks and all types of moles |
| Neurology | the branch of medicine that deals with the nervous system and its diseases |
| Non-symbiotic | organisms that are free-living and relationships are not required for survival |
| Nosocomial | infection acquired in a hospital |
| Occupational disease | a disease with an abnormally high rate of occurrence in m embers of the work force |
| Opportunist | an organisms that exists as part of the normal flora but may become pathogenic under certain conditions |
| Optimum temperature | temperature at which organisms grow best |
| Oral | concerning the mouth |
| Organic | a condition or disease in which there is a change in anatomy |
| Orifice | the mouth, entrance or outlet of any anatomical structure; opening |
| Osmotic pressure | pressure that develops when two solutions of different concentrations are separated by a semi-permeable membrane |
| Ossicles | any small bone, especially one of the small bones of the ear |
| Osteomalacia | a disease marked by softening of the bones due to faulty calcification in adulthood |
| Osteomyelitis | inflammation of bone and bone marrow |
| Osteoporosis | loss of bone density |
| Pandemic disease | epidemic, widespread, even of worldwide event; a disease affecting the majority of the population of a large region or one that is epidemic at the same time in many different parts of the world |
| Passive transport system | method by which solutes and/or solvents cross through a membrane with no energy provided by the cells of the membrane; in embalming, examples include pressure filtration, dialysis, diffusion and osmosis |
| Parasitism | an interactive relationship between two organisms in which one is harmed and the other benefits |
| Parietal | pertaining to, or forming, the wall of a cavity; pertaining to the parietal bone |
| Pathogenicity | the state of producing or being able to produce pathological changes and disease |
| Pathological anatomy (morbid anatomy) | study of structural changes in the body caused by disease |
| Pathology | the science that deals with the study of disease |
| Pathogenesis | the manner in which a disease develops |
| Pectoral | concerning the chest |
| Peripheral | located at, or pertaining to, the periphery (the outer part or surface of a body); occurring away from the center |
| Peritonitis | inflammation of the peritoneum, the membranous coat lining the abdominal cavity, and infecting the viscera |
| Perpendicular | at right angles to another surface |
| Petechia | antemortem, pinpoint, extravascular blood discoloration visible as purplish hemorrhages of the skin |
| pH | potential of hydrogen; a number signifying the acidity or alkalinity of a chemical solution |
| Phocomelia | congenital condition in which the proximal portions of the limbs are poorly developed or absent |
| Physiologic pathology | study of changes in body functions due to disease |
| Pigmentation | coloration caused by deposit, or lack, of colored material in the tissues |
| Plasma | fluid part of the blood; blood minus the formed elements |
| Platelets | a cell fragment involved in platelet plug and clot formation; also called a thrombocyte |
| Pneumoconiosis | general term used to denote any prolonged inhalation of mineral dust |
| Pneumonia | infection of the lungs; acute infection or inflammation of the alveoli; the alveolar sacs fill up with fluid and dead white blood cells; causes include bacteria, fungi and viruses |
| Point of entry | place (usually visible) at which access of inner positions may be had; a place at w which a hypodermic needle may be inserted to pass into the same or another area |
| Poliomyelitis | a highly contagious infectious disease of the spinal cord caused by a filterable virus |
| Polycythemia vera | an increase in total red blood cell mass |
| Polyp | a growth or mass of tissue that protrudes from a mucous membrane |
| Portal | concerning an entrance to an organ, especially that through w which the blood is carried to the liver |
| Posterior (dorsal) | toward the rear or caudal end; opposite of anterior |
| Prevalence | number of cases of disease present in a specified population at a given time |
| Primary infection | an original infection from which a second one originates |
| Prion | a small proteinaceous infectious particle that is resistant to most procedures that modify nucleic acid |
| Prognosis | prediction of the outcome of disease |
| Prostatitis | inflammation of the prostate gland |
| Protozoa | one-celled organisms or the Kingdom Proista: most are unicellular although some are colonial |
| Protozoology | science that deals with study of protozoa |
| Protuberance | a part that is prominent beyond a surface, like the knob |
| Proximal | nearest the point of attachment, center of body, or point of reference; the opposite of distal |
| Psychrophile | bacteria that prefer cold, thriving at temperatures between 0 C and 25 C |
| Pubic symphysis | the junction of the pubic bones on the midline in front; the bony eminence under the pubic hair |
| Purpura | condition in which spontaneous bleeding occurs in the subcutaneous tissues, causing the appearance of purple patches on the skin |
| Pustule | a small elevation of the skin containing pus |
| Pyloric sphincter | the smooth muscle around the opening of the stomach into the duodenum |
| Quadrangle | a figure having four angles and four sides |
| Quadratus Labii superioris | the large muscle from the cheekbone and lower rim of the eye socket which raises the upper lip |
| Ramus | vertical portion of the mandible |
| Recurrent | reappearance of symptoms after a period of remission (abatement) |
| Regeneration | the replacement of damaged cells with identical cells |
| Remission | temporary cessation of symptoms of disease |
| Renal calculi | kidney stones |
| Repair | physical or mechanical restoration of damaged or diseased tissue by the growth of healthy new cells not necessarily the same type, or by surgery |
| Reproductive | pertaining to or employed in reproduction |
| Resolution | the termination of the inflammatory response with the affected part returning to its normal state |
| Respiratory | pertaining to respiration |
| Rickets | a disease of infants and young children caused by deficiency of vitamin D resulting in defective bone growth |
| Rickettsia | a genus of gram-negative, pathogenic, intracellular parasitic bacteria |
| Rickettsiology | area of science that studies Rickettsia |
| Right atrium | the right side of the heart seen as the center of drainage; used as a site of drainage via instruments from the right internal jugular veins and direct via the trocar or through the thoracic wall |
| Sagittal line | the median vertical line dividing the body into right and left halves |
| Salivary | pertaining to, producing or formed from saliva |
| Salivary gland | a gland of the oral cavity that secretes saliva |
| Saprophytic bacteria | bacteria that derive their nutrition from dead organic matter |
| Sarcinae | a cube-like packet of eight spherical bacteria |
| Scab | crust over a healing sore or wound |
| Second degree burn | a burn resulting in acute inflammation of the skin and blisters |
| Secondary infection | infection caused by a different organism than the one causing the primary infection |
| Sepsis | pathologic state, resulting from the presence of microorganisms or their products in the blood or other tissues |
| Septicemia | condition characterized by the multiplication of bacteria in blood |
| Septum | a wall dividing two cavities |
| Serum | any serous fluid, especially the fluid that moistens the surfaces of the serous membranes; the watery portion of the blood after coagulation; a fluid found when clotted blood is left standing long enough for the clot to shrink |
| Serum albumin | a protein found in blood serum |
| Sesamoid bone | an oval nodule of bone or fibrocartilage in a tendon playing over a bony surface. The patella is the largest one |
| Signs | objective disturbances produced by disease, observed by physician, nurse or person attending patient (example: pulse, fever, heart rate) |
| Simple fracture | fractured bone does not pierce the skin |
| Singe | to burn superficially as the hair, which shows partial destruction from scorching heat |
| Sinus | a cavity within a bone; a dilated channel for venous blood; any cavity having a relatively narrow opening |
| Skeletal | pertaining to the skeleton |
| Special pathology | deals with the specific features of disease in relation to particular organs or organ systems |
| Sphincter | a circular muscle constricting an orifice |
| Spina bifida | congenital defect in which part of the vertebral column is absent or has incomplete closure |
| Spirillum (spirilla) | a genus of spiral bacteria having a corkscrew shape with a rigid cell wall and hair like projections called flagella that assist in movement |
| Spirochete | a genus of bacteria having a flexible cell wall but no flagella in the traditional sense; movement of these organisms occurs by contraction of long filaments that run the length of the cells |
| Sporadic | disease that occurs occasionally in a random, scattered or isolated manner |
| Staphylococcus | a genus of gram positive, non-motile, opportunistic bacteria which tend to aggregate in irregular, grape-like clusters |
| Stenosis | abnormal constriction of a channel or orifice |
| Sternocleidomastoid muscle | muscle of the neck that is attached to the mastoid process of the temporal bone and superior nuchal line and by separate heads to the sternum and clavicle; they function together to flex the head, form the lateral boundaries of the cervical triangle, and widest part of the neck |
| Sterilization | process of completely removing or destroying all life forms or their products on or in a substance |
| Streptobacilli | rod shaped bacteria occurring in chains |
| Streptococci | spherical shaped bacteria occurring in chains |
| Strict (obligate) aerobe | a microbe that can only live in the presence of oxygen |
| Strict (obligate) anaerobe | a microbe that can only survive in the absence of free oxygen |
| Strict (obligate) parasite | a parasite that is completely dependent on its living host for survival |
| Strict (obligate) saprophyte | an organism that can only survive on dead or decaying organic matter |
| Subcutaneous | situated or occurring beneath the skin |
| Subcutaneous emphysema | distention of the tissues beneath the skin by gas or air; an antemortem condition brought about by a surgical procedure or trauma |
| Submandibular | describing those portions which lie immediately inferior to the mandible |
| Submental sulcus | junction of the base of the chin and the submandibular area, which may appear as a furrow; a natural facial marking |
| Sulcus | a wrinkle or furrow or groove |
| Sunken | situated as a depression; concave |
| Superciliary arches | inferior part of the forehead just superior to the median ends of the eyebrows |
| Superior | anatomically towards the head; higher than; situated above something else |
| Superior palpebral sulcus | furrow of the superior border of the upper eyelid; acquired facial marking |
| Superficial | pertaining to or situated near the surface |
| Suprarenal | located above the kidney |
| Surgical pathology | study of tissue specimens excised surgically in a major or minor operation |
| Sutural | relating to the suture (the line of union in an immovable articulation, as those between the skull bones) |
| Symbiotic | organisms live in close nutritional relationships; required by one or both members |
| Symphysis | a line of fusion between two bones that are separate in early development |
| Symptoms | subjective disturbances caused by disease that are felt or experienced by patient but not directly measurable (example: pain, headache) |
| Syndrome | set of signs and symptoms associated with a particular disease (example: Down syndrome) |
| Synergism | the harmonious action of two microorganisms producing an effect that neither could produce alone |
| Systems | organized groupings of related structures or organs that perform certain functions together |
| Temple | the flattened, slightly depressed area by the side of the forehead of a person's face |
| Temporal bones | inferior portion of the sides and base of the cranium, inferior to the parietal bones and anterior to the occipital bone |
| Temporal cavity | concave surface of the head overlying the temporal bones |
| Temporalis muscle | muscle of mastication which helps to close the mandible (the strongest chewing muscle) |
| Tendon | the white, glistening, non-elastic fibrous cord of connective tissue in which the fibers of a muscle end and by which the muscle is attached to a bone or other structure |
| Tetracocci | grouping of four spherical shaped cells |
| Thermophile | bacteria that thrive best at high temperatures, between 40 C and 70 C |
| Third degree burn | destruction of cutaneous and subcutaneous tissues; seared, charred or roasted tissue |
| Thrombosis | the formation or presence of an attached blood clot |
| Toxemia | blood distribution throughout the body of poisonous products of bacteria growing in a focal or local site, thus producing generalized symptoms; presence of toxins in the blood |
| Toxin | poisonous substance of plant, animal, bacterial or fungal origin |
| Transverse | lying at right angles to the long axis of the body |
| Transverse frontal sulci | furrows which cross the forehead; acquired facial markings |
| Triangular fossa | depression between the crura of the ear; the second deepest depression of the ear |
| True pathogen | real or genuine disease producing organism; an organism that due to its own virulence is able to produce disease |
| Tubal pregnancy | implantation and development of the fertilized ovum in a uterine tube |
| Tubulo-alveolar | consisting of tubes and alveoli, as in a tubulo-alveolar salivary gland |
| Tumor | spontaneous new growth of tissue forming an abnormal mass |
| Tunics | investing membranes |
| Ulcer | an open sore or lesion of skin or mucous membrane accompanied by sloughing of inflamed necrotic tissue |
| Uremia | a toxic condition caused by retention in the blood of waste products normally excreted in the urine |
| Urinary | pertaining to the secretion or containment of urine |
| Urinary system | composed of kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra |
| Valve | any one of various membranous structures in a hollow organ or passage that temporarily closes to permit the flow of fluid in one direction only |
| Valvular insufficiency (incompetence) | failure of a heart valve to close tightly, thus allowing regurgitation of blood |
| Vascular | pertaining to or composed of blood vessels |
| Vascular system | the blood vessels; the arteries, capillaries and veins |
| Vermiform appendix | a long, narrow, worm-shaped tube connected to the cecum |
| Vertical interciliary sulcus | the vertical furrows on the forehead between the eyebrows; plural form sulci |
| Vesicle | blister like elevation of skin containing serous fluid |
| Vibrio | a genus of spiral bacteria which are curved or bent rods that resemble commas |
| Viral hepatitis | inflammation of the liver caused by a virus (possibly as many as seven in number) capable of causing acute or chronic hepatitis illness; the transmission can be oral-facial, parenteral or sexual |
| Viricide | an agent destructive to viruses9 |
| Virology | the study of viruses and viral diseases |
| Virulence | relative power of an organism to produce disease |
| Virus | an intracellular, infectious parasite capable of living and reproducing only in living cells |
| Visceral | pertaining to viscera (internal organs enclosed within a cavity, especially the abdominal organs) |
| Viscosity | the state of being sticky or gummy; resistance offered by a fluid to change form or relative position of its particles due to attraction of molecules to each other |
| Vomer bone | bone of the nasal cavity situated between the nasal passages on the median plane; forms the inferior and posterior portion of the septum of the nose |
| Zygomatic arch | processes on the temporal and zygomatic bones, determines the widest part of the face |
| Zygomatic arch depression | one of the lesser concavities of the face located on the lateral portion of the cheek inferior to the zygomatic arch |
| Zygomatic bones | small bones of the cheeks; widest part of the cheek |
| Zygomatic process | a thin projection from the temporal bone bounding its squamous portion; a part of the malar bone helping to form the zygoma |
| Zygomaticofrontal process | lateral rim of the eye socket formed by a process of the frontal bone and a process of the zygomatic bone |
| Zygomaticus major muscles | muscles of the face that draw the superior lip posteriorly, superiorly and anteriorly; from the cheekbone to the sides of the mouth |
| Zygomaticus minor muscles | muscles of the face that draw the superior lip superiorly and anteriorly; part of the Quadratus labii superioris |
First Time Here?
Welcome to Quizlet, a fun, free place to study. Try these flashcards, find others to study, or make your own.