US History Spring Review
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Created by:
kevin-hong-an-nguyen on May 5, 2011
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120 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Fireside Chats | evening radio addressed by FDR; appealed to nation for help in getting his agenda passed; response pressured legislature to pass proposals |
| Franklin D Roosevelt | led US during time of worldwide crisis; optimism and activism revived the national spirit during Great Depression; worked closely with Churchill and Stalin with Allies against Germany & Japan; World War II |
| deficit spending | spending more money than the government receives in revenues; borrowing from foreign governments; can stimulate economy, but will raise interest rates |
| foreclosure | borrower cannot make payments to the lender; lender seeks to foreclose equitable right of redemption and take both legal and equitable title to the property in the fee simple (possess property) |
| Tennessee Valley Authority | federally provides navigation, flood control, economic development in Tennessee Valley, affected by Great Depression; envisioned as a regional agency that would use federal experts and electricity to modernize the region's economy and society |
| Civilian Conservation Corps | public work relief program for unemployed, unmarried men; part of New Deal; provided jobs related to conservation and development of natural resources |
| New Deal | series of economic programs under FDR; responses to Great Depression; relief for unemployed and poor, recovery of economy, and reform of the financial system |
| American Federation of Labor | federation of labor union; strikes to ensure that major construction projects used union members; lost membership in 1920's; succeeded by Wagner Act; supported New Deal |
| Congress of Industrial Organizations | federation that organized workers in industrial unions; required swearing of not being Communist; merged with AFL; supported New Deal, open to African Americans |
| craft union | organized unions to unify workers in a particular industry by class or skill level; each union is organized according to craft of its members |
| industrial union | labor unions of all workers in same industry; more leverage in bargaining and striking situations; contributions to building unity and solidarity |
| recession | general slowdown in economic activity; everything falls; bad rates rise; occur with widespread drop in spending; changing macroeconomic policies |
| Social Security Act | New Deal; limit old age, poverty, unemployment, widows, fatherless children; unemployment benefits, insurance, temporary assistance |
| fascism | mass mobilization of nation through indoctrination, physical education, family policy; seek to purge ideas deemed to cause degeneration; individuals are bound together by connections of ancestry, culture, and blood |
| totalitarian | where the state recognizes no limits to its authority; regulates every aspect of life; coincidence of ideology and authoritarianism |
| appeasement | policy to avoid war by making concessions to another power; used by Allies to avoid war with Germany and Italy during World War II |
| Nazi | unique form of fascism; involved biological racism and anti-Semitism; believed in German superiority; created the New Order, gave Germany the necessary resources needed to be able to compete with other powers |
| Neutrality Acts | response to conflict in Europe and Asia before WWII; US would not be involved in future conflicts; general embargo on trading with war materials; provisions of earlier acts with no expiration and covered civil wars |
| blitzkrieg | lightning war strategy; keep enemy off-balance, making it difficult to respond effectively before the front moved on; used by Germany in WWII |
| Lend-Lease Act | US supplied UK, USSR, China, France, Allied nations with war material; passed before US entered war; US could help without violence |
| Holocaust | genocide of six million European Jews during WWII by Nazi; two-thirds perished; end of WWII, US found camps in Germany |
| Axis Powers | alignment of powers during World War II against Allies; Germany, Italy, Japan |
| Atlantic Charter | defined goals for post-war world; goals of war were no territorial changes; restoration of self-government; free access to raw materials; no trade restrictions; global cooperation; freedom; disarmament; no use of force |
| Hiroshima | first city in history to be destroyed by a nuclear weapon; 80,000 killed in initial explosion |
| Yalta Conference | wartime meeting of US, UK, USSR, to discuss Europe's post-war reorganization; discuss re-establishment of war-torn Europe |
| United Nations | aims are facilitating cooperation in international law, security, economic development, social programs, human rights, world peace; many subsidiary organizations |
| wildcat strikes | strike taken by workers without authorization of trade union officials; unofficial industrial action; key strategy in France |
| rationing | controlled distribution of resources; one's allotted portion of resources distributed on a particular day, controlled |
| Satellite Nations | country that is under political and economic influence or controlled by another country; Central and East Europe countries under USSR |
| Communism | society upon common ownership for production, end of wage labor and private property; government-controlled nation |
| buffer zone | zone that serves purpose of keeping two or more areas distant from one another for any reason |
| guerilla warfare | conflicts in which a small group of combatants use military tactics such as ambushes, raids, to harass a larger traditional army; withdraw almost immediately |
| Marshall Plan | US plan for rebuilding and creating a stronger economic foundations for Europe countries |
| Truman Doctrine | stated that US would support small countries with economic and military aid to prevent them from falling into Soviet sphere (Truman) |
| Berlin Blockade | major international crisis of Cold War; Soviets blocked Western Allied railway & road access to West Berlin; force West powers to allow soviet zone to supply Berlin with food and fuel; give control to Soviets |
| North Atlantic Alliance | alliance based on North Atlantic Treaty; NATO; member states agree to mutual defense in response to an attack by any external party; an alliance of nations to protect one another |
| Cold War | political conflict, military tension between USSR and US; no violence; arms race, propaganda, espionage; space race; sports rivalries; say that the country is better than the other |
| Mao Zedong | Chinese revolutionary, guerilla warfare, leader of Chinese Revolution; founding father of People's Republic of China; held control until death; Maoism |
| Chiang Kai Shek | Nationalist Party; led Northern Expedition to unify country; power severely weakened through Sino-Japanese War; promoted traditional culture in New Life Movement; used heavy government control and intervention |
| featherbedding | hiring more workers than are needed to perform a given job; adopt work procedures which appear pointless to employ additional workers |
| subversion | attempt to transform established social order, power, authority, hierarchy; carrying potential for some degree of subversion |
| McCarthyism | practice of making accusations of treason, disloyalty without proper evidence; Red Scare; reckless accusations; anti-communist pursuits of Joseph McCarthy |
| Taft Hartley Act | monitors activities of labor unions; slave-labor bill; Truman - dangerous intrusion on free speech; used it 12 times during presidency |
| presidential succession | succeeded following death or resignation by vice president; if POTUS and VP of US cannot serve, Speaker of US House of Representatives takes over |
| Dwight Eisenhower | ended Korean War; New Look, priority to inexpensive nuclear weapons to keep pressure on USSR; began NASA to compete in space race; U2 incident and Bay of Pigs invasion; helped remove Joseph McCarthy from power; enlarged scope of Social Security |
| automation | use of control systems and technologies to reduce human work in production of goods and services; increasingly important role in world economy |
| B'Nai B'rith | oldest operating Jewish service organization; engaged in community service and welfare activities; promotion of rights and state of Israel; scholarships to Jewish students; increase welfare of resident Jews |
| Marcus Garvey | staunch proponent of Black Nationalism and Pan-Africanism movements; inspired a global mass movement and economic empowerment focusing on Africa known as Garveyism; would inspire others, Islam and Rastafarian movement |
| Cuban Missile Crisis | USSR, Cuba, US confrontation; built bases on Cuba for nuclear missiles; US got USSR to obey and remove missiles |
| Southeast Asia Treaty Organization | collective defense in SE Asia by Manilla Pact; created to block communist gains in SE Asia; considered a failure because of internal conflict |
| Third World Nations | defined countries that remained non-aligned with capitalism and NATO or communism and USSR; categorized nations in three groups (First US, Second USSR) |
| Eisenhower Doctrine | country could request US assistance if being threatened by armed aggression from another state; singled out Soviet threat in doctrine |
| Soviet bloc | former communist states of East and Central Europe, USSR and Warsaw Nations; used to denote regimes aligned with former USSR |
| Apartheid | system of legal racial segregation enforced by South Africa National Party; rights of majority non-whites were curtailed; minority white rule was maintained |
| nonviolent resistance | practice of achieving socio-political goals through protests, disobedience, noncooperation, without using violence |
| Rosa Parks | civil rights activist; refused to obey bus driver's order to sit in the back of the bus; created further impact by sparking Montgomery Bus Boycott |
| sit in | form of protests that involves occupying seats on the floor of an establishment; protesters remain until they are evicted or arrested or until requests have been met; highly nonviolent successful way of protest |
| Freedom Riders | civil rights activists who tried to end segregation on national buses by riding on them |
| feminist | movements aimed at improving social rights for women; deal specifically with problems in social barriers, and traditional cultural roles; social equality of women compared to men |
| sexism | belief or attitude that one sex is superior over the other; type of discrimination in regards to gender; chauvinism |
| National Organization for Women | take action to bring women into full participation in mainstream American society and to be equal with men |
| American Indian Movement | focuses on spirituality, leadership, sovereignty; formed to address issues with poverty, housing, treaties, police harassment, led protests advocating American interests |
| Berlin Wall | divided West and East Berlin; served to prevent East Germany from fleeing to West Berlin |
| escalation | something getting more intense step by step; war |
| search and destroy | sending ground forces to search out the enemy, destroy them, and withdraw immediately afterward; used in Vietnam War |
| student deferment | exempts students attending educational institutions from being selected by the draft |
| détente | easing of strained relations; general easing of relations between USSR and US |
| summit | meeting of heads of state or government; tight security, prearranged agenda; The Big Three during WWII; Post-Cold War era many summits |
| Shuttle diplomacy | action of an outside party serving as a mediator in a dispute, without direct contact |
| pragmatic | person who follows basis that knowledge is a social phenomenon and that an object of knowledge must consider the conceivable effects of our actions to object and its entirety; truth can only be found through ongoing investigation; learning changes the world |
| Espionage Act of 1918 | prohibited any attempt to interfere with military operations, supporting US enemies during wartime, interfere with military recruitment |
| Little Rock, Arkansas | Little Rock Nine; group of students who wanted to enter an all-white school; thousands of National Guards sent in to protect the students |
| Korean War | conflict between South Korea and North Korea; resulted in Communist North and non-Communist South; physical division of Korea by an agreement of victorious Allies at end of Pacific War |
| checks and balances | credited to Montesquieu; system-based regulation that allows one branch to limit another |
| Theodore Roosevelt's policies | Square Deal of domestic agenda; average citizen would get a fair share; promoted conservation; speak softly and carry a big stick |
| United Farm Workers | labor union created from merging of two groups, launched a boycott of grape growers that won a contract after five years (Cesar Chavez and Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee) |
| Federal Reserve System | banking system of US; Federal Reserve Act; conduct nation's monetary policy, regulate banking institutions, maintain stability of financial system |
| First Great Awakening | pastors read sermons; little interest in engaging parishioner's minds, but to elicit an emotional response from audience |
| Medical Science | vaccines and diseases discovered; saved many lives; prevents many diseases that could occur today |
| Tennessee Valley Authority | modernize region using experts to combat human and economic problems; taught farmers way to preserver Mother Nature; generated electricity made life easier and farms were more productive |
| dollar diplomacy | furthering US aims in Latin America and E Asia through guaranteeing loans made to foreign countries; money that went into it was able to have soldiers paid without any fighting |
| Social Gospel Movement | See Great Awakening |
| Mormon Beliefs of 1800's | polygamy; all things were to be restored in last days; one way for Lord to increase numbers of LDS Church; polygamy is prohibited unless the Lord decides He needs to raise up seed unto me |
| Federal Aide to Public Education | assisted US local school districts who have experienced increased expenditures, lost property tax revenue; impact aid called the Lanham Act; Impact Aid endures to the present day |
| Immigration Act of 1965 | new immigration from non-European nations that changed the ethnic makeup of the US; allowed more immigration into the US |
| UC v Bakke | The Court held in a closely divided decision that race could be one of the factors considered in choosing a diverse student body in university admissions decisions. |
| Works Progress Administration | largest New Deal agency, carried out public works projects; fed children and redistributed necessities and housing; benefited rural and Western populations |
| Federal Emergency Relief Act | alleviated household unemployment by creating new unskilled jobs in local and state governments |
| Populist Party | short-lived; based among white cotton farmers in South; form of agrarianism and hostility to banks, railroads; anti-elitist appeals in opposition to established interests and mainstream parties |
| Langston Hughes | poet; columnist; best-known for innovations of new literary art from Jazz poetry; known for work during Harlem Renaissance |
| Zora Neale Hurston | leading figure in African American literature; grew up as writer during Harlem Renaissance; Man of the Mountain |
| Reconstruction Finance Corporation | US government agency to provide loans to railroads, banks, businesses; counter effects from Great Depression by rescuing institutions from default; made loans directly to farmers and states |
| Philippines Islands 1898 | Spanish-American War; US acquired sovereignty over Philippines from Spain via Treaty of Paris; US territory and a US Commonwealth |
| Antifederalist | US leaders who opposed strong central government envisioned in the Constitutions; led to Bill of Rights; strong central government would infringe on states' rights |
| Brown v Board of Education | Case that ruled that racial segregation in public schools was unconstitutional; no state may deny equal protection of laws to any person within jurisdiction |
| Vietnamization | progressive withdrawal of US forces from S Vietnam combined with efforts to enhance training and modernization of all S Vietnamese military forces to assume greater responsibility for the conduct of war |
| Model T | automobile built by Ford Motor Company; first widely affordable mass-produced car; offered on several body styles, many colors initially available |
| Potsdam Conference | Allied conference with Harry Truman, Stalin, Churchill to discuss Europe peace settlements, fate of defeated Germany, reconstruction of European nations; four zones of Yalta Conference |
| Open Door Policy | foreign policy towards China; reaffirmed principle that all countries should have equal access to any Chinese port open to trade; discontinued with communist takeover in 1949 |
| Enlightenment | Europe's intellectual movement in which ideas concerning God, reason, nature, and man were blended into revolutionary developments in art, philosophy, and politics |
| Lord Baltimore | Charles Calvert; claims of feudal privileges, deriving from royal charter; controversies between each proprietor and his subjects; greatest intensity under Charles Calvert |
| John F Kennedy | New Frontier; created Peace Corps and Alliance for Progress; committed US to land a man on the moon; sent assistance to South Vietnam to combat communism; naval blockade on Cuban missile crisis for USSR to surrender |
| Panama Canal | ship canal connecting Caribbean Sea with Pacific Ocean; Panamanians gained full rights over canal on December 31, 1999 |
| Upton Sinclair | American Writer of The Jungle; exposed Chicago meatpacking industry, book helped change national regulations on food preparations |
| Red Scare | fear of Communists and many groups that were developing in industrialized nations; McCarthyism, the accusations that people belonged to these groups |
| 19th Amendment | women's suffrage amendment; right of citizens to vote should not be denied on account sex; part of Constitution; women's right to vote |
| Pendleton Act of 1883 | federal government's civil service law; aimed to reform system by eliminating many political appointments in favor of jobs awarded to candidates based on uniform standards of merit |
| Hawley Smoot Tariff Act | brought US tariff to highest protective level in history of US; adopted increased rates of Senate on farm products and those of House on manufacturers; US foreign trade sharply declined, depression intensified |
| Jimmy Carter's Foreign Policy | self-determination for all people; American power should be exercised sparingly, avoid military interventions as much as possible; hoped that US - USSR relations would continue to improve |
| Civil Rights Movement | movement for racial equality in the US through nonviolent protest; broke pattern of racial segregation in South and achieved equal rights legislation for blacks |
| National Recovery Act | authorized POTUs to regulate industry and permit cartels and monopolies in an attempt to stimulate economic recovery and established a national public works program |
| Agricultural Adjustment Act | former US government agency, part of FDR's New Deal; help farmers by reducing production of staple crops, raising farm prices and encouraging more diversified farming |
| National Labor Relations Board | major component of New Deal; represented change in national labor policy; Wagner Act, protected the rights of workers in the workforce; bargain collectively with employers |
| Cesar Chavez | social activist of 1960's; founded National Farm Workers Association, led five-year boycott against California grape growers and won new rights fo the workers; awarded Presidential Medal of Freedom |
| Samuel Gompers | labor union leader in labor industry; founded AFL and promoted harmony among craft unions of AFL; worked with government to avoid strikes and boost morale while raising wage rates and expanding membership |
| United Nations Statement of Principles | maintained international peace and security, develop friendly relations among nations on equal terms, and encourange international cooperation in solving intractable human problems |
| House of un-American Activities Committee | investigated fascists and communists; sweeping accusations, hearing without due process, pressure on witnesses to name former associates |
| Executive Order 9066 | order after attack on Pearl Harbor; led to internment of 120,000 Japanese Americans; justified that racial ties could cause disloyalty and pose a threat to American security during the war |
| Fred Korematsu | Japanese American internment protester; upheld government's wartime right to intern its citizens; case had been suppressed by government attorneys; symbol of principles resistance to government-imposed justice |
| Thurgood Marshall | first African American on Supreme Court; greatest victory in Brown v. Board of Education; voice of dissent in an increasingly conservative court |
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