Abnormal Psych Chapter 2 Flashcards
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88benjamin_french88 on May 6, 2011
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These are all the terms, people and dates for the eighth edition of Abnormal Psychology in a Changing World By Jeffrey S Nevid, Spencer A Rathus, and Beverly Greene.
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107 terms
French | English |
|---|---|
 Neurons | Nerve cells |
| dendrites | the rootlike structures at the ends of neurons that receive nerve impulses from other neurons |
| axon | The long, thin part of a neuron along which nerve impulses travel |
| terminals | The small branching structures at the tips of axons |
| neurotransmitters | Chemical substances that transmit messages from one neuron to another |
| synapse | The junction between one neuron and another through which nerve impulses pass |
| receptor site | a part of dendrite on a receiving neuron that is structured to receive a neurotransmitter. |
| central nervous system (CNS) | the brain and the spinal cord |
| Peripheral Nervous system | The somatic and autonomic nervous system |
| medulla | an area of the hind brain involved in regulation of heartbeat, respiration, and blood pressure. |
| pons | a structure in the hindbrain involved in body movements attention sleep and respiration |
| cerebellum | a structure in the hindbrain involved in coordination and balance |
| reticular activating system | brain structure involved in processes of attention, sleep and arousal |
| thalamus | a structure in the forebrain involved in relaying sensory information to the cortex and in regulating sleep attention |
| hypothalamus | a structure in the forebrain involved in regulating body temprature emotion and motivation |
| limbic system | a group of forebrain structures involved ine motional processing, memory, and basic drives such as hunger thirst and aggression |
| basal ganglia | an assemblage of neurons at the base of the forebrain involved in regulating postural movements and coordication |
| cerebrum | the large mass of the forebrain consisting of two cereberal hemispheres |
| cerebral cortex | the wrinkled surface area of the cerebrum responsible for processing sensory stimuli and controlling higher mental functions, such as thinking and use of language. |
| Somatic nervous system | The division of the peripheral nervous system that relays information from the sense organs to the brain and transmits messages from the brain to the skeltal muscles |
| autonomic nervous system | the the division of the peripheral nervous system that regulates the activities of the glands and involuntary functions |
| sympathetic nervous system | the division of the autonomic nervous system whose activity leads to heightened states of arousal |
| parasympathetic nervous system | the division of the autonomic nervous system whose activity reduces states of arousal and regulates bodily processes that replenish energy reserves |
| psychoanalytic theory | the theoretical model of personality developed by Sigmund Freud, based on the belief that psychological problems are rooted in unconscious motives and conflicts from childhood; also called psychoanalysis |
| Conscious | To Freud, the part of the mind that corresponds to our present awareness |
| preconscious | To Freud, the part of the mind whose contents lie outside present awareness but can be brought into awareness by focusing attention. |
| unconscious | To Freud, the part of the mind that lies outside the range of ordinary awareness and that contains instinctual urges. |
| id | The unconscious psychic structure, present at birth, that contains primitive instincts and is regulated by the pleasure principle |
| pleasure principle | the governing principle of the id, involving demands for immediate gratification of needs. |
| ego | the psychic structure that corresponds to the concept of the self, governed by the reality principle and is characterized by the ability to tolerate frustration |
| reality principle | the governing principle of the ego, which involves considerations of social acceptability and practicality. |
| superego | the psychic structure that incorporates the values of the parents and important others and functions as a moral conscience |
| defense mechanisms | the reality distorting strategies used by the ego to shield the self from awareness of anxiety-provoking impulses |
| Repression | Defense mechanism in which there is expulsion from awareness of unacceptable ideas or motives (IE- a person remains unaware of harboring hateful impulses toward others) |
| Regression | Defense mechanism in which there is the return of behavior that is typical of earlier stages of development (IE- Under stress, a college student starts biting his nails or becomes totally dependent on others) |
| Displacement | Defense mechanism in which there is the transfer of unacceptable away from their original objects onto safer or less-threatening objects (IE- a worker slams a door after his boss chews him out) |
| Denial | Defense mechanism in which there is the refusal to recognize a threatening impulse or desire (IE- a person who nearly chokes someone to death acts afterward like it "no big deal") |
| Reaction formation | Defense mechanism in which there is behaving in a way that is the opposite of one's true wishes or desires to keep these repressed (IE- a sexually frustrated person goes on a personal crusade to stamp out pornography) |
| Rationalization | Defense mechanism in which there is the use of self-justifications to explain away unacceptable behavior (IE- when asked why she continues to smoke, a woman says, "Cancer doesn't run in my family") |
| projection | Defense mechanism in which there is imposing one's own impulses or wishes onto another person (IE- A sexually inhibited person misinterprets other people's friendly approaches as sexual advances) |
| Sublimation | Defense mechanism in which there is the channeling of unacceptable impulses into socially constructive pursuits (IE- A person channels aggressive impulses into competitive sports) |
| sexual | Freud's term for sensual |
| libido | sexual energy |
| erogenous zones | sexual pleasure in different body parts as a child will mature. |
| Oral | The first year of life for Freud, when they will nurse and cry. |
| anal | the second year of life for Freud, when they have control of their bowels |
| phallic | third year of life until approx. the sixth year. Oedipus complex happens here. |
| Latency | from 6 to 12 for Freud. Not much happens here |
| Genital | begins at puberty for Freud. The rest of life happens at this point. |
| Fixation | a constellation of personality traits associated with a particular stage of psychosexual development, resulting from either too much or too little gratification at that stage |
| Carl Jung | developed theory of analytical psychology. |
| 1875-1961 | Life span of Carl Jung |
| Analytical Psychology | Not only is there personal unconsciousness, but also a collective unconscious. |
| Archetypes | Community consciousness has a collection of primitive images called _____. |
| Alfred Adler | psychology is called individual psychology. life is driven by inferiority complex, not the psychosexual stages. |
| 1870-1937 | Life span of Alfred Adler |
| Creative self | a self aware aspect of personality that strives to overcome obstacles and develop the individual's potential. |
| Karen Horney | Said that children will harbor a feeling of basic hostility towards their parents if they are isolated. Shifted away from psychosexual |
| 1885-1952 | Life Span of Karen Horney |
| Heinz Hartmann | one of the originators of ego psychology which posits that the ego has energy and motive of its own. |
| 1894-1970 | Life Span of Heinz Hartmann |
| Erik Erikson | Social relationships and formation of personal identity attributed more to development than sexuality. Also had adolescents look for ego identity |
| 1902-1994 | Lifespan of Erik Erikson |
| ego identity | a clearly defined sense of who they are and what they believe in. |
| Margaret Mahler | founded the object relations theory which focuses on the symbolic representations of important others in their lives, especially their parents. |
| 1897-1985 | Lifespan of Margaret Mahler |
| Object relations theory | We introject our parent's personalities into our selves. This may identify who we are. |
| psychosis | a severe form of disturbed behavior characterized by impaired ability to interpret reality and difficulty meeting the demands of daily life. |
| Freud's psychological health | the ability to love and to work |
| behaviorism | fathered by John B. Watson, focuses on the role of learning in explaining both normal and abnormal behavior. |
| 1894-1936 | Lifespan of Ivan Pavlov |
| 1878-1958 | Lifespan of John B. Watson |
| symptomatic | how behaviorism addressed abnormal behavior. |
| 1904-1990 | Lifespan of B.F. Skinner |
| conditioned response | in classical conditioning a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus |
| unconditioned stimulus | a stimulus that elicits an unlearedn response |
| conditioned stimulus | a previously neutral stimulus that evokes a conditioned response after repeated pairing with an unconditioned stimulus that had previously evoked that response. |
| classical conditioning | a form of learning in which a response to one stimulus can be made to occur in response to another stimulus by pairing or associating the two stimuli. |
| Little Albert | An example of classical conditioning with humans as performed by John B. Watson |
| Operant conditioning | a form of learning in which behavior is acquired and strengthened when it is reinforced |
| reinforcement | a stimulus or event that increases the frequency of the responses that it follows. |
| positive reinforcers | reinforcers that, when introduced, increase the frequency of the preceding behavior. |
| negative reinforcers | reinforcers that when removed, increase the frequency of the preceding behavior. |
| punishment | application of aversive or painful stimuli that reduces the frequency of the behavior it follows. |
| social cognitive theory | formerly called the social-learning theory, a learning based theory that emphasizes observational learning and incorporates roles for cognitive variable in determining behavior |
| Modeling | learning by observing and imitating the behavior of others. |
| expectancies | beliefs about expected outcomes. |
| Behavior Therapy | systematically applying learning principle to help people change their behavior. |
| Third force psychology | Humanistic models that began with Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow, the focus of which is to live authentically or with purpose |
| 1908-1970 | Lifespan of Abraham Maslow |
| 1902-1987 | Lifespan of Carl Rogers |
| self-actualization | in humanistic psychology the tendency to strive to become all that one is capable of being; the motive that one drives one to reach one's full potential and express one's unique capabilities. |
| unconditional positive regard | Valuing other people as having basic worth regardless of their behavior at a particular time |
| conditional positive regard | valuing other people on the basis of whether their behavior meets one's approval. |
| Client-centered therapy | Carl Roger's method of psychotherapy |
| cognitive distortions | errors in thinking |
| Albert Ellis | cognitive psychologist believed that irrational beliefs we hold about unfortunate experiences foster negative emotions and maladaptive behaviors. |
| Aaron Beck | proposes that depression may result from errors in thinking (Cognitive distortions) |
| Selective abstraction | focus exclusively on parts of their experiences that reveal their flaws and ignore evidence of their competences |
| overgeneralize | example a person may believe that she will never marry because he was rejected by a date. |
| magnification | people blowing things out of proportion |
| absolutist thinking | absolutist thinking is seeing the world in black and white |
| social cultural perspective | we must consider the roles of social and cultural factors, including factors relating to ethnicity, gender and social class. |
| social causation model | the belief that social stressors, such as poverty, account for the greater risk of sever psychological disorders among people of lower socioeconomic status. |
| downward drift hypothesis | the theory that explains the link between low socioeconomic status and behavior problems by suggesting that problem behaviors lead people to drift downward in social status. |
| diathesis-stress model | a model that posits that abnormal behavior problems involve the interaction of vulnerability or predisposition and stressful life events or experiences. |
| diasthesis | a vulnerability or predisposition to a particular disorder. |
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