Clinical Microbiology
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Created by:
aleonguerrero on May 6, 2011
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69 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Chocolate agar with factors V (NAD⁺) and X (hematin) | H. Influenzae |
| Thayer-Martin (or VPN) media - Vanco inhibits gram(+) organisms, Polymyxins inhibits gram (-) organisms, and Nystatin inhibits fungal organisms. | Neisseria Gonorrhoeae |
| Bordet-Gengou (potato) agar | Bordetella Pertussis |
| Cystine-Tellurite Plage, Loffler's media | C. Diphtheriae |
| Lowenstein-Jensen agar | M. Tuberculosis |
| Eaton's Agar | Mycoplasma Pneumoniae |
| MacConkey's agar (fermentation produces acid, turning plate pink. | Lactose-fermenting enterics |
| Eosin-methylene blue agar, blue-black colonies with metallic sheen | E. Coli |
| Charcoal Yeast extract agar | Legionella |
| Sabouraud's agar | Fungi |
| Giemsa stain | Borrelia, Plasmodium, Trypanosomes, Chlamydia |
| PAS - stains glycogen, mucopolysaccharrides | Topheryma Whippleii |
| Ziehl-Neelsen | Acid-fast organisms (mycolic acids) |
| India Ink(negative stain)/Mucicarmine(pink) | Cryptococcus neoformans |
| Silver stain | Fungi (e.g. pneumocytis), Legionella |
| KOH preparation | dermatophytes |
| Catalase test | Differentiates Staphylococcus from Streptococcus |
| Coagulase test | Differentiates S. Aureus from S. epidermidis/saprophyticus |
| Novobiocin sensitivity | Differentiates S. epidermidis (sensitive) from S. saprophyticus (resistant) |
| Gamma hemolytic | No hemolysis - Enterococcus (E. feacalis), Peptostreptococcus, S. Bovis |
| 6.5% NaCl test | Differentiates E. Feacalis (positive) from S. Bovis (negative) |
| Optichin sensitivity | Differentiates S. Pneumoniae (sensitive) from Viridans Streptococci (resistant) |
| Alpha hemolytic | Partial hemolysis/green - S. Pneumoniae, Viridans Strep, and some Group D Strep |
| Growth on Bile-esculin agar (extremely salt resistant) | Group D streptococci |
| Beta Hemolytic | Complete hemolysis - Group A S. pyogenes and Group B S. agalactiea. Also S. Aureus and Listeria Monocytogenes. |
| Bacitracin sensitivity | Differentiates S. Pyogenes (sensitive) from S. Agalactiae (resistant) |
| CAMP test (produces CAMP factor) | Group B streptococcus (agalactiae) |
| Maltose Fermentation test | Differentiate Neisseria species - N. Meningitidis (fermenter), N. Gonorrhoeae (non-fermenter) |
| Lactose fermentation test | Differentiates gram (-) rods from each other. |
| Fast Lactose fermenters | Klebsiella, E. Coli, Enterobacter |
| Slow Lactose fermenters | Citrobacter, Serratia |
| Oxidase test | Differentiates Lactose Non-fermenters from each other. |
| Oxidase(+), Lactose non-fermenters | Pseudomonas |
| Oxidase(-), Lactose non-fermenters | Shigella, Salmonella, Proteus |
| Obligate aerobes | Nocardia Pseudomonas aeruginosa Mycobacterium tuberculosis Bacillus |
| Obligate anaerobes; Aminoglycosides ineffective, susceptible to oxidative damage. | Clostridium Bacteroides Actinomyces |
| Obligate intracellular bugs; can't make own ATP | Ricketsia Chlamydia |
| Facultative Intracellular bugs | Salmonella Neisseria Brucella Mycobacterium Listeria Francisella Legionella |
| Encapsulated bacteria (+ Quellung); antiphagocytic virulence factor --> require opsonization for clearance. | Klebsiella Salmonella S. pneumoniae H. Influenzae B Neisseria meningitidis |
| Urease + bugs | Proteus Ureaplasma Urealyticum H. Pylori Klebsiella |
| Yellow pigment production | S. Aureus |
| Blue-green pigment | Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
| Red pigment | Serratia marcescans |
| IgA protease production; used to colonize respiratory mucosa | S. pneumoniae H. influenzae B N. meningitidis |
| M protein; prevent phagocytosis | Group A streptococcus |
| Protein A; binds Fc region of Ig, preventing opsonization and phagocytosis | S. Aureus |
| cAMP inducers; activate host adenylate cyclase, or are themselves adenylate cyclase. | Vibrio cholerae - activates Gs Pertussis toxin - disables Gi E. Coli (ETEC) - heat labile toxin Bacillus anthracis - bacterial adenylate cyclase |
| Superantigens | Bind directly to MHC II and TCRs simultaneously, activating large #'s of T cells to stimulate release of IFN-γ and IL-2 --> septic shock. |
| S. aureus toxins | TSST-1 = toxic shock syndrome Enterotoxin A = food poisoning (preformed), in meat, mayo, and creamy pastry dishes; nausea and vomitting 3-6 hours after eating, little to no diarrhea. Exfoliatin = staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome |
| S. pyogenes toxin | Erythrogenic toxin = toxic shock-like syndrome; assoc. with scarlett fever. |
| ADP ribosylating A-B toxins | Interfere with host cell function by entering host cell and altering protein fxn from within. |
| Corynebacterium diphtheriae toxin | Inactivates EF-2; causes pharyngitis and pseudomembrane in throat. |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa toxin (ecthyma gangrenosum) | Inhibits EF-2; similar to diphtheria toxin. |
| Vibrio cholerae toxin | ADP ribosylation of G protein stimulates adenylyl cyclase; increases pumping of Cl⁻ into gut and decreases Na⁺ absorption. H₂O moves into gut lumen causing voluminous rice-water (secretory) diarrhea. |
| ETEC toxin | Heat-labile toxin stimulates Adenylate cyclase. Heat-stable toxin stimulates Guanylate cyclase. both cause watery/secretory diarrhea. |
| Bordatella pertussis toxin | Gram (-) aerobic bacillus, causes whooping cough (coughing, choking spells, and gasping for air); Toxin inactivates inhibitory subunit of the G protein complex, activating adenylate cyclase, increasing cAMP in the cells of the respiratory system >> EDEMA. Toxin also causes LYMPHOCYTOSIS by blocking chemokine receptors, blocks the function of immune effector cells and increases HISTAMINE SENSITIVITY. Toxin also alters hormonal pathways regulated by cAMP, increasing insulin secretion, causing HYPOGLYCEMIA. Tx: erythromycin |
| Bacillus Cereus Toxin | Heat-stable toxin causing vomiting. From rice in the buffet line. Onset in less than 6 hours. |
| Clostridium perfringens toxin | α toxin causing gas gangrene; get double zone of hemolysis on blood agar. |
| C. tetani toxin | Blocks release of inhibitory GABA and glycine; causes spastic paralysis. |
| C. botulinum toxin | Blocks the release of ACh; causes anticholinergic symptoms, CNS flaccid paralysis, especially cranial nerves; spores found in canned food, honey (floppy baby). Differentiate from all other anticholinergic drugs (e.g. atropine)by the presence of muscle weakness or paralysis. |
| Bacillus anthracis toxin | Edema factor is an adenylate cyclase, increases cAMP. |
| Shigella/EHEC toxin | Shiga toxin/verotoxin; cleaves host rRNA (inactivate 60S); enhances cytokine release, causes Hemolytic-uremic syndrome. |
| S. pyogenes toxin | Streptolysin O is a hemolysin; antigen for ASO antibody is used for rheumatic fever diagnosis. |
| Endotoxin | Lipopolysaccharide found in outer membrane of all gram (-) bacteria (and listeria monocytogenes); Lipid A is toxic component. Activates macrophages, alternative complement pathway, and Hageman factor to produce septic shock and DIC. Secretion of IL-1, IL-6, and TNFα |
| Bacterial toxins encoded on lysogenic phage | ShigA-like toxin Botulinum toxin Cholera toxin Diphtheria toxin Erythrogenic toxin (S. pyogenes) O-antigen salmonella |
| Transformation | Ability to take up DNA from environment; S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, Neisseria. |
| Conjugation | Transfer of plasmid encoded virulence factors from one bacteria to another via pilus formation. |
| Transduction | Transfer of bacteria DNA through incorporation of DNA into bacteriophage. Site-specific Transduction: specific sequence, error of temperate virus life-cycle. Generalized Transduction: random bacterial DNA, error of lytic virus life-cycle. |
| Transposition | segments of DNA that can jump from one section of DNA to another, or from chromosome into phage DNA and viceversa. |
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