| Term | Definition |
|---|
| thete | lowest class of Athenian citizens |
| Piraeus | port of Athens |
| Lycurgus | king who organized Spartan society |
| Leonidas | leader of the three-hundred at Thermopylae |
| Spartans | inhabitants of miltaristic and fierce Sparta |
| Athenians | inhabitants of knowledge-seeking and democratic Athens |
| aristocracy | rule by a hereditary landholding elite |
| oligarchy | rule by a small, wealthy elite |
| monarcy | rule by a king |
| phalanx | massive tactical formation of heavily armed foot soldiers |
| Spartan Equals | highest class of Spartan citizens; warriors who wished to be all equal |
| helot | enslaved people of Sparta |
| polis | city-state |
| citizen | free resident |
| democracy | rule by the people |
| anarchy | no government or rule |
| acropolis | high city that had temples dedicated to different gods and godesses |
| hoplite | foot soldier |
| rhetoric | public speaking and persuasion |
| tyrant | ruler who gains power by force |
| agora | ancient Greek marketplace |
| trireme | ancient Greek or Roman galley or warship, having three tiers of oars on each side |
| oracle | priestess through whom the gods were believed to speak |
| ostrakon/ostrakoi | slips of paper with names of people to be ostracized written on them |
| Alexandria | heart of the Hellenistic world |
| Hellenism | Alexander the Great's new culture that blended Greek, Persian, Egyptian, and Indian infulences |
| Pythagoras | mathematician who developed the Pythagerean Theorem |
| Archimedes | "Give me a lever long enough and a place to stand on and I will move the world," famous Hellenistic scientist |
| Hippocrates | studied the causes of illnesses and looked for cures, Hippocratic oath founder |
| Alexander the Great | conquerer who made the Hellenistic culture |
| Aegean Sea | sea around Greece |
| Delphi | home of oracle |
| Sparta | militaristic Greek city-state |
| Athens | knowledge-seeking Greek city-state |
| Herodotus | Greek historian |
| perioikoi | Spartan non-voting middle class |
| metic | Greek resident alien |
| Party of the Hill | wealthy Athenians |
| Party of the Shore | working class Athenians |
| Party of the Plain | working class Athenians |
| 500 bushel men | under Solon, the wealthiest class in Athens |
| sophist | went from place to place in Greece teaching rhetoric |
| Solon | changed Athens by abolishing debt slavery and taking a census |
| Draco | first Athenian to write down law codes |
| Peisistratus | tyrant who took land away from the rich and gave it to the poor |
| Cleisthenes | created different mixed tribes in Athens |
| Salamis | during the second Persian war, where the Athenians were evacuated to |
| strategos | general, admiral |
| tribes | groups made by Cleisthenes to unify Athens |
| Darius | ruler during second Persian war |
| Hero | mathematician who created the wind wheek and aeolipile |
| Ionia | part of Anatolia |
| Delos | birthplace of Artemis and Apollo |
| Battle of Marathon | end of the first Persian war |
| Pericles | general who turned the Delian League into an Athenian empire |
| Plato | ancient Greek philosopher |
| Hellespont | narrow strait |
| Thermopylae | narrow coastal passageway |
| Council of Elders | aka Gerousia, Spartan senate |
| ephors | offical of ancient Sparta |
| Assembly | group of citizens who voted and governed |
| archons | Greek word for "rulers" |
| The 300 | the 300 Spartans who fought in the Battle of Thermopylae |
| The Delian League | group of city-states united against Persia which eventually became an Athenian empire |
| Xerxes | Persian general |
| Peloponnesian League | league of city-states in the Peloponnese |
| Melian Dialouge | theatrical writing of a dialogue between the Melians and the Athenians over their freedom from the Delian League |
| Themistocles | convinced the Athenians to produce a fleet to protect them from the Persians |
| Darius | Persian king |
| Alcibiades | famous statesman during the Peloponnesian War |
| Eratosthenes | Greek who invented latitude and longitude |
| Aristotle | ancient Greek philosopher |
| Socrates | ancient Greek philosopher who famously died of hemlock |
| Thucydides | ancient Greek historian |
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