Orni Lecture Final
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deepvoice64 on May 9, 2011
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158 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Song learning in white-crowned sparrows | • Genetic template + • Learning + • Practice = • Adult song Young birds can't practice what they don't hear |
| Continuum of learning abilities that exist between closed-ended and open-ended learning abilities |  |
| Oscine (definition and 2 non-passerine examples) | - Songbirds - [EX] |
| Structure that produces song in the oscines | - Syrinx - it varies in size? |
| Neural circuitry of males vs females | • Males with larger nuclei • Female finches lack area X |
| How are dialects formed and maintained in birds? | - Dispersal, genetic, etc |
| Female song sparrow mate selection based on different dialects | Females select mates with more varied repertoires. |
| Information based on the size of a male's song repertoires (EX Marsh Wren) | The female gains information about genetic heterozygosity? |
| Role of songs in birds | • Mostly males • Complex, repeated series of notes • Territory defense • Mate attraction - especially rich vocal repertoires |
| Role of calls in birds | • Courtship • Parental care of young • Anti-predator, alarm • Agonistic encounters |
| Do non-songbirds sing? | No |
| At what point do song dialects develop (what is an experiment to test this?) | - Critical (sensitive) period - 10-50 d after hatch - Listen, memorize & learn (Evidence: Isolation - young bird doesn't incorporate all elements of normal song) |
| How is song produced in songbirds? | The syrynx vibrates the trypanic membrane? |
| Neural circuitry and hormonal control in the song of male songbirds | Under influence of gonadal hormones • Evidence: 1. Castration = no song 2. Castration + testosterone = song 3. Testosterone + females = song |
| Function of HVc in female canaries | Used for discrimination among songs |
| Motor learning phase | Practices subsong after 150 days |
| Repertoire | Number of songs a bird can learn |
| Dialect | The variation in bird song depending on time or space |
| HVc | Area of brain where song is produced |
| Open-ended learner | A bird that modifies its repertoire after the first year |
| Closed-ended learner | A bird that does not modify its repertoire after the first year |
| Seasonal variation in the reproductive tract of female birds | Varies in size as a way to conserve weight |
| ZW/ZZ chromosomes | Sex is determined by the female since she has both Z and W eggs |
| Sequence, timing of events, and structures of the oviducts (5) | 1. Ovary - Yolk 2. Ostium - Zygote 3. Magnum - Albumen 4. Isthmus - Shell membrane 5. Uterus - Shell |
| Egg flotation to determine embryo age | Egg that is newer that sits on the bottom on its side and will rise as it gets older |
| Weight saving features of the reproductive system that enhance a bird's ability to fly (3) | - Oviparity (Lay 1 egg a day) - Asymmetry - Seasonal atrophy & recrudescence |
| Determinate vs Indeterminate layers | Will only lay a certain number of eggs vs multiple |
| Endogenous vs exogenous layer | Endo - (outcome layers) are limited to the number of eggs layed based on body fat obtained prior to arrival to the breeding size while Exo - (income layers) can lay eggs in accordance to food intake from the local environment |
| How does DDT compromise reproduction? (3) | - Blocks carbonic anhydrase - Inhibits medullary bone Ca - Degrades steroids (oestradiol) responsible for calcification |
| How is embryonic waste (uric acid) stored in an egg? | Allantoic sack |
| Pipping and starring of eggs | Starring is the initial peck and pipping is the actual breaking of the shell |
| Blastodisc | The fertilized egg within the ostium, development doesn't occur until? |
| Lifetime reproductive success | The amount of offspring produced in a lifetime |
| Medullary bone | Acts as a calcium storage prior to egg laying |
| Cloacal protuberance | - Seasonal swelling of the cloaca in males - Cools sperm |
| Seminal vesicle | Where semen is stored |
| Amnion | Fluid that surrounds the embryo of a developing chick |
| Chorion | Fluid that holds H2O and salts |
| Allantois | Sac within egg that deals with nutrition and excretion |
| Site fidelity | Bird that returns to same site every year to feed. |
| Endogenous | "Capital" layers in which the female relies on stored energy and calcium to form eggs [Ex] Snow Geese |
| Magnum | The location of the oviduct where the albumen is deposited |
| Medullary bone | The origin of stored calcium for egg-laying females |
| Uterus | The section of the oviduct where the hard calcareous shell is formed |
| Yolk | The developing embryo's source of energy made of mostly liquids |
| Nidifugous | Young that leave the nest soon after hatching under the care of one, both or neither parent |
| Ostium | The section of the oviduct where sperm fertilizes the egg |
| Egg floatation | A technique that uses the changing properties of the air cell to determine the age of an embryo |
| Albumen | A shock absorbing component of the egg consisting of a mix of protein and mostly water |
| Allantois | The waste receptacle for uric acid produced by the developing embryo |
| Choria allentioc membrane | The equivalent of the mammalian placenta, which facilitates passive respiration by the embryo |
| Nest parasitism | A cause of mixed maternity in a clutch cared for by a monogamous pair |
| Clutch | The number of eggs laid by a female in a reproductive attempt (EX nest) |
| MAPS | Monitoring Avian Productivity and Survival |
| Scattering | The structural phenomenon that produces the blue coloration of the feathers |
| Irridescene | Structural color produced by the angle of incident light interacting with melanin granules in barbules to produce color in hummingbirds |
| Zugunruhe | Seasonal migratory behavior characterized by-whirring and directionality in captive Blackcaps. |
| Aspect ratio | The ratio of wing length to width |
| Camber | The shape of a bird's wing which creates differences in static and dynamic pressure |
| Molt | The process of feather growth that results in the replacement of one plumage after another |
| Irruptive | Irregular seasonal movements within a wintering area by a population of birds in response to the vagaries food supply |
| Supraorbital/Salt gland | The gland above the orbits that aides in osmoregulation in birds occupying marine environs extracting NaCl from the blood via a counter-current systems. |
| Bernoulli's Law | Lift is generated by increased static pressure on the undersurface of the wing, which is associated with higher dynamic pressure on the dorsal surface of the wing |
| Pigments | The principle source of coloration of the feathers and soft body parts (e.g. bill, legs) |
| Wing Loading | When taking flight from the water's surface alcids are challenged by this because of their great mass compared to their small area of their wings |
| Gizzard | In many bird species the muscular section of the digestive tract that functions analogous to teeth |
| Surface friction | Drag created the leading edge of the wings and minimized camber |
| Melanin pigments | Produced by the amino acid tyrosine that create mealoncytes that deposit melanin annules into the barbs and barbules |
| Pectoralis major | Principle muscle responsible for powering the downward flapping flight. |
| Why is fat a better source of energy than protein | It produces two times more energy, metabolically produces water and it is subcutaneously stored |
| Thecodont | Socket-tooth lineage that includes crocodiles |
| Archosaurs | Group of diapside amniotes from which dinosaurs, birds and crocodiles descended |
| Cladistics | The study of the creation of clades which show common ancestor along with descendent lineages |
| Systematics | The study of evolutionary relationships among organisms and their classification into a hierarchical scheme |
| Evolutionary Significant Unit | Species |
| Biological Species Concept | Species are defined as those who can produce viable offspring. |
| Phylogenetic Species Concept | ? |
| Paleognathae | Primitive hard upper palate |
| Neognathae | Advanced upper palate |
| Farenholz' rule | The rule that in groups of permanent parasites the classification of the parasites usually corresponds directly to the natural relationships of the hosts. |
| Scattering | Structural phenomenom that produces the blue coloration of the feathers |
| Structural color | Color not produced by pigments |
| Pterylae | Area with feathers |
| Apteria | Area without feathers |
| Alternate plumage | Plumage during breeding |
| Aspect Ratio | Ratio of a wing length to width |
| Glide Ratio | Horizaontial : vertical distances |
| Wing Gliding | ? |
| Profile Drag | Caused by body shape where fusiform shape minimizes drag |
| Surface Friction Drag | Caused by the leading edge of wing and front of body |
| Induced Drag | Caused by pressure differences at the wing tips |
| Dynamic Soaring | Caused by upward deflected ocean winds |
| Thermal Soaring | Static air thermals |
| Bernoulli's Law | Static pressure + dynamic pressure = constant |
| Dynamic Pressure | Kinetic pressure of wind |
| Static Pressure | Atmospheric pressure |
| Migration | Predictable round trip movement |
| Irruptive Movement | Irregular seasonal occurrence of birds outside normal range |
| Dispersal | Moving away from natal site to breed |
| Zugunruhe | Migratory restlessness seen through wing-whirring, duration of activity, and directionality |
| Wing-whirring | ? |
| Directionality | ? |
| Hyperphagia | Changes in behavior, physiology, anatomy concurrent with migration timing |
| Orientation | The right direction of migration |
| Navigation | The use of stars or landmarks to locate a migratory route |
| Partial Migrant | A section of the population that migrates while the other stays put |
| Salt Gland | Active transport of salt across thin walls of capillary network where is is collected in the lumen and ejected from the nostril |
| Counter-current system | Heated arteries convey heat to cooler veins, osmotic balance in salt glands, gas exchange in lungs |
| Thermo-neutral zone | Above lower critical temperature and below lower critical temperature |
| Basal metabolic rate | Resting heart rate |
| Torpor | Periods of rest where the body temperature is lowered |
| Rest-phase hypothermia | Nocturnal body temperatures drop form 105 °F to 66 °F |
| Uric Acid | Water insoluble, won't poison embryo, avoids dehydration |
| Caecum | The sac in between the small and large intestine |
| Proventriculus | A glandular part of the stomach that may store and/or commence digestion of food before it progresses to the gizzard |
| Duodenum | First section of the small intestine |
| Microvilli | Small cells that line the gut |
| Flicker fusion frequency | High vision rate that allows birds to fly |
| Binaurual fusion | Cognitive process that involves the "fusion" or integration of different auditory information presented binaurally, or to each ear (?) |
| Herbst corpuscle | Collection of nerve endings at the ending of the bill |
| Guild vs community | Guild - subset of species that use resources similarly Community - multiple species, populations interact, stable assemblage |
| Checkerboard pattern | Presence/absence of closely related taxa on oceanic islands that rarely co-occur because species with similar ecologies cannot co-exist |
| Experiment that tests the hypothesis that competition gives rise to habitat segregation among closely related species | ?? |
| Ecological process that strongly influences bird communities (3) | 1. Competition 2. Predation 3. Disease/parasitism |
| Example of attitudinal segregation coming from other than competition | Avian malaria in Hawaiian birds |
| Patterns of niche segregation of parulid warblers studied by Robert MacArthur (process, experiment) | ? |
| What does "Ghost of Competition past" mean? | Patterns we see today may result from competition of the past (untestable hypothesis) |
| Character displacement in birds (explanations for this pattern) | Morphologies of closely related species diverge in sympatry due to competition |
| How has diesese influence bird communities in Hawaii? | Avian malaria |
| Eco-morphology | Character displacement due to being in sympatry, so morphologies diverge |
| Niche segregation | ? |
| Ecological release | ? |
| Size ratios | Ration of larder to smaller species in a series is constant. |
| Approach of how Birdlife International globally conserves birds using restricted range species and endemic bird areas | s |
| Species of bird extinct in NA (5) | 1. Carolina Parakeet - hunting 2. Passenger Pigeon -hunting 3. Eskimo Curlew 4. Ivory-billed Woodpecker - habitat destruction 5. Great Auk |
| Species of birds with recovered populations (2) | 1. Peregrine Falcon 2. Bald Eagle |
| Characteristics that make birds vulnerable to extinction (7) | 1. Endemics - Guam Rail 2. Rare - Kirtland's Warbler 3. High trophic levels - Peregrine Falcon 4. Poor dispersers - Guam Rail 5. Colonial breeders - Great Auk 6. Migratory - Eskimo Curlew 7. Use unreliable resources - Tooth-billed Pigeon |
| Why are island species especially prone to extinction? | They have no way to escape Jumanji |
| Instrumental value arguments for conservation of birds (3) | - Ecosystem Services - Beauty and aesthetics 1. Art 2. Music 3. Poetry |
| Intrinsic value arguments for conservation of birds (3) | 1. Individualism - animals deserve moral consideration 2. Intelligence - corvids and parrots 3. Sentience - feel pleasure and pain |
| Economic arguments for consumptive and non-consumptive use of birds | s |
| Why protect birds? | Birding, hunting, ecological importance |
| State of the Birds report summary | s |
| How does anthropogenic habitat fragmentation affect forest birds? | s |
| How is information gathered for the NA monitoring program for waterfowl (Under what federal law?) | s |
| Sources of negative impacts on bird populations | 1. Cats - efficient predators 2. Long-lines fishing - hooked and die 3. Lighted building - attracts birds 4. Pesticides - poisons birds 5. Oil pollution - compromised feathers, embryo contamination 6. Habitat loss/degradation - affects nesting, migration |
| Migratory Bird Treaty Act (Year, countries, laws 7) | - 1918 - US, Canada, Mexico, Russia, Japan 1. Define game & non-game 2. Establish hunting seasons 3. Close harvests of some taxa 4. Protect nests and eggs 5. Prohibit trade outside season 6. Permit killing pests 7. Facilitate effort for conservation |
| Endangered Species Act | - 1973 - Defines protects species, designates critical habitat - Recovery plans successes of ESA |
| Wild Bird Conservation Act | - 1992 - Bans importation into U.S. of wild birds - Psittacids, finches |
| Restricted range species | Breeding range <50,000 km2 [EX] Hawaiian birds |
| Endemic bird areas | Areas with multiple restricted-range species [EX] Sulowelsi, Lesser Antilles, Hisponoila, Jamaica, South America, Costa Rica, Madagascar, Hawaii, Indonesia |
| Area-sensitive species | ? |
| Edge effect | s |
| Lack's hypothesis | The number of eggs laid by a female is set by the number of offspring that parents can rear. |
| Crop | The section of the digestive tract that houses microbes that aid in breaking down cellulose |
| Camber | Shape of the birds wing that allows flight |
| Interference | Light bounces off at an angle |
| Pecten | Birds and reptiles share this accordion-shaped structure located in the vitreous humor of the eye, which may serve a nutritive function |
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