101 psy 2
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62 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 free association | Which of the following techniques did Freud use to discover the latent content of his patients' dreams? |
| had weak super egos | Karen Horney, a prominent neo-Freudian, disputed Freud's assumption that women |
| jung | Which neo-Freudian theorist emphasized the influence of the collective unconscious in personality development? |
| empiracally derived | A personality inventory that utilizes only those items that have been shown to differentiate particular groups of people is a(n) ________ test. |
| reciprocal determinism | Because Greta is an extravert, she frequently goes to parties where she is encouraged to laugh and socialize with her friends. Because Jim is an introvert, he frequently spends weekends in the library where it's easy to quietly reflect and study. Greta and Jim best illustrate what is meant by |
| he selected people with qualities that he admired | Maslow's description of self-actualized individuals was said to reflect his own personal values because he |
| traits | Which theorists have been most directly criticized for underestimating the variability of behavior from situation to situation? |
| phallic | According to Freud, boys are most likely to experience the Oedipus complex during the ________ stage. |
| self determination | The humanistic perspective emphasized the importance of |
| rationalization | The defense mechanism in which self-justifying explanations replace the real, more threatening unconscious reasons for actions is |
| comprehensive | Assessing an individual's standing on the Big Five today has the advantage of providing a ________ personality description. |
| attribution style | The best indicator of a person's level of optimism is his or her |
| repression | Freud suggested that slips of the tongue illustrate an incomplete |
| electra complex | Some psychoanalysts in Freud's era believed that girls experienced unconscious sexual desires for their father during the phallic stage. These feelings, they thought, reflected |
| self-serving bias | In every one of 53 countries surveyed, people typically expressed self-esteem above the midpoint of the most widely used self-esteem scale. This best illustrates the pervasiveness of |
| environments; trait | The person-situation controversy involves a debate regarding the influence of ________ and ________ on behavior. |
| a dissociative disorder | William, an airplane pilot, is unable to remember anything of a bombing raid in which his plane was severely damaged and two crew members were killed. Because he himself suffered no physical injuries, psychologists suspect that William probably suffers from |
| agoraphobia | Anxiety about being in places or situations from which escape might be difficult is indicative of |
| OCD | Cecil is preoccupied with thoughts of jumping out the window of his tenth-floor apartment. To reduce his anxiety, he frequently counts his heartbeats aloud. Cecil would most likely be diagnosed as experiencing |
| hallucinations | Wilma is extremely agitated because she hears voices that tell her to sexually seduce the male nurses in her hospital ward. Wilma is most clearly suffering from |
| disorganized and fragmented thinking | Schizophrenia is most likely to be characterized by |
| norepinephrine | Drugs that alleviate mania tend to reduce levels of the neurotransmitter |
| specific phobia | An immediate and irrational anxiety response to the mere sight of blood is indicative of |
| explain the causes of the various psychological disorders. | The DSM-IV-TR does NOT |
| social cognitive | A therapist suggests that Margaret is depressed because she attributes her failures to her own incompetence instead of blaming her parents and teachers for the unreasonable demands they place on her. The therapist's interpretation most clearly reflects a ________ perspective. |
| psychotic | Psychological disorders in which people lose contact with reality and experience irrational ideas and distorted perceptions are known as ________ disorders. |
| Schizophrenia | Low birth weight is a known risk factor for |
| mania | A disorder in which an individual is overexcited, hyperactive, and wildly optimistic is known as |
| led to harsh ineffective remedies | The greatest shortcoming associated with explanations of psychological disorders in terms of demon possession is that these explanations |
| phobia | Kaylee is so afraid of spiders and insects that she avoids most outdoor activities and even refuses to go to the basement of her own house alone. Kaylee appears to suffer from |
| mood disorders | A traumatic experience may trigger a lasting phobia in a child with a sensitive, high-strung temperament. The same experience, however, may have no long-term impact on a child with a more relaxed temperament. This best illustrates the role of ________ in the development of phobias. |
| dissasociative disorder | Exhibiting two or more distinct and alternating personalities is a symptom of a(n) |
| increase, decrease | Obsessive thoughts typically ________ anxiety and compulsive behaviors typically ________ anxiety. |
| PTSD | Some psychologists believe that due partly to a broader definition of trauma, mental health professionals have been overdiagnosing |
| N america; are increased | People born in ________ during the month of ________ are at increased risk for schizophrenia. |
| electroconvusive therapy | Adelle's feelings of unhappiness, low self-esteem, and hopelessness have become so extreme that she has attempted suicide. Which of the following treatments is likely to provide her with the quickest relief from her misery? |
| behavior therapy | Psychological research on the principles of learning has most directly influenced the development of |
| OCD | D-cycloserine helps relieve the symptoms of |
| behavior | The healing power of insight and self-awareness is LEAST likely to be emphasized by ________ therapists. |
| psychoanalytic | Which of the following therapists would most likely try to understand an adult's psychological disorder by exploring that person's childhood experiences |
| psychotherapy works | A statistical summary of some 475 psychotherapy outcome studies led researchers in 1980 to report that |
| progressive | Relaxing one muscle group after another until one achieves a completely relaxed state of comfort is called ________ relaxation. |
| EDMR | Rapidly moving one's eyes while recalling traumatic experiences is most descriptive of |
| neurogenesis | One possible explanation for the delayed effect of antidepressant drugs is that the increased availability of serotonin seems to promote |
| antianxiety | Xanax and Ativan are ________ drugs. |
| mood stabilizing | Lithium is often an effective ________ drug. |
| behavior modification | Reinforcing desired behaviors and withholding reinforcement for undesired behaviors is most central to the process of |
| client-centered | During a marriage counseling session, the therapist suggests to Mr. and Mrs. Gallo that they each restate their spouse's comments before making their own. The therapist was applying a technique most closely associated with |
| replace negative self-talk with more positive comments. | Stress inoculation training focuses on helping people to |
| attitude;behavior | Prejudice is a(n) ________; discrimination is a(n) ________. |
| nonconformity | A culture that promotes individualism is most likely to encourage |
| men in cultures that value individualism. 100% | Social loafing has been found to be especially noticeable among |
| social scripts | Culturally modeled guides for how to act in various situations are called |
| physical health | Whether a person exercises regularly is best predicted by his or her attitude about |
| equal status | Noncompetitive contact between members of two different ethnic groups is likely to reduce prejudice when the contact is between individuals with |
| groupthink | The ill-fated decision of President John F. Kennedy and his advisors to invade Cuba best illustrates the dangers of |
| frustration | According to the scapegoat theory, prejudice is likely to result from |
| personality traits | Observing yourself on a videotape is most likely to increase your tendency to attribute your behavior to |
| women enjoy aggresive sexual behaviors | Violent pornographic movies often perpetuate the myth that |
| physical atractiveness | What determined whether college freshmen who had been randomly paired for a Welcome Week dance liked each other? |
| bystander effect | Social psychologists have observed people's willingness to pick up dropped books and pencils in order to study the |
| the central route to persuasion. | Opinion change resulting from a thoughtful focus on the content of arguments illustrates |
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