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Case Citation A title of a legal case describing the case Appearance Notice Given to an accused by a police officer describing the crime and the date and location of a court appearance Summons Given to an accused describing the crime and date and location of a court appearance, issued by a justice of the peace Subpoena Given to a witness to appear in court Arrest When a police officer takes an accused into custody Arrest Warrant A document ordering the arrest of a person on criminal charges Undertaking A document which releases an accused before trial on a promise to appear in court Recognizance A document which releases an accused before trial on a promise to appear or pay a fine Surety A person who agrees to be responsible for an accused while released before trial Bail Money paid as a deposit in order to release an accused before trial Remand When the accused is kept in custody until trial Ontario Court of Justice Lowest trial court in Ontario Superior Court Highest trial court in Ontario Ontario Court of Appeals Highest Court which hears appeals in Ontario Federal Court Court which hears cases involving the federal government Supreme Court of Canada Highest court in Canada. Hears appeals only Small Claims Court Court which hears civil cases in Ontario when suing for less than $10 000 Arraignment First Appearance in court Duty Counsel Lawyer on duty to assist an accused who does not have legal counsel Legal Aid Available for an accused who cannot afford a lawyer Preliminary Hearing Held when an accused's trial is to be held in Superior Court in order to determine if there is enough evidence for a trial Direct Indictment When the Attorney General orders an accused to trial without or notwithstanding a preliminary hearing Plea Bargain An agreement made between the Crown and the defence Statute of Limitations Amount of time in which an accused can be charged with a crime Challenge For Cause When a potential juror is dismissed for a valid reason Peremptory Challenge When a potential juror is dismissed for no reason Stand Aside When a potential juror is asked to wait and may be called upon later Charge to the Jury When the Judge instructs the jury as to their role during a trial Indictment The charge read to the accused at the beginning of the trial Examination-in-Chief Questioning of a witness by the lawyer that called the witness Cross Examination Questioning of a witness by the lawyer that did not call the witness Perjury Knowingly giving false information in court Material Witness A witness whose testimony will have a major bearing on the case Hostile Witness A witness who testifies under duress Voir Dire A trial within the trial to determine admissibility of evidence Stay of Proceedings When the trial is put on hold Directed Verdict When the Judge directs the jury to find not guilty as the Crown has not met the burden of proof Direct Evidence Evidence given as proof of fact Circumstantial Evidence Evidence given from which a fact can be inferred Hearsay Evidence given that is not personally witnessed Dying Declaration Evidence given by a person who honestly believes he/she is about to die, and has implicated him/herself in the crime Inculpatory Confession Confession which admits guilt Exculpatory Confession Confession which denies guilt Corroborating Evidence Material or physical evidence Illegally Obtained Evidence Evidence which has been obtained illegally Incriminating Evidence Evidence which implicates a witness in a crime Leading Question Question which tends to give the answer required Similar Fact Evidence Evidence of past criminal behaviour which shows a pattern of behaviour Polygraph Machine used to detect if a supect is lying Appeal Process by which either the Crown or defence can go to a higher court to determine if an error has been made in the trial.