Chapter 15: The Ferment of Reform and Culture
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20 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 The Second Great Awakening | Definition, This was the second religious revival in the United States in which masses of people would gather to pray and many souls were "saved". The Methodists and Baptists became the most abundant religion from heavy recruiting. The Second Great Awakening renewed religion as the center of American culture and redefined American religions. |
| Burned-Over District/Millerites | Burned Over District: The religious scene in Upstate New York in the early 19th century which was repeatedly "burned over" by religious revivals of the Second Great Awakening. Millerites: Seventh-Day Adventists who followed William Miller. They sold their possessions because they believed the Second Coming would be in 1843 or 1844, and waited for the world to end. |
| Church of Latter Day Saints | Mormons sought to create a "New Jerusalem"; taught that every man and woman should aspire to become like a god and practiced polygamy. Founded by Joseph Smith in the "Burned Over" district, after JS dies, Brigham Young leads them into Utah. |
| Horace Mann | Secretary of the newly formed Massachusetts Board of Education, he created a public school system in Massachusetts that became the model for the nation. Started the first American public schools, using European schools (Prussian military schools) as models. |
| Emma Willard | Early supporter of women's education, in 1818. She published Plan for Improving Education, which became the basis for public education of women in New York. 1821, she opened her own girls' school, the Troy Female Seminary, designed to prepare women for college. |
| Dorothea Dix | A reformer and pioneer in the movement to treat the insane as mentally ill, beginning in the 1820's, she was responsible for improving conditions in jails, poorhouses and insane asylums throughout the U.S. and Canada. She succeeded in persuading many states to assume responsibility for the care of the mentally ill. |
| American Peace Society | A pacifist society founded on the principles of William Ladd. Merged societies from New Hampshire, New York, Maine, and Massachusetts. |
| American Temperance Society | First national organization to protest the abuse of alcohol. They demanded the "total" abstinence and pressured churches to expel members who condoned alcohol. |
| Elizabeth Cady Stanton/Women's Rights Convention | A member of the women's right's movement in 1840. She was a mother of seven, and she shocked other feminists by advocating suffrage for women at the first Women's Right's Convention in Seneca, New York 1848. Stanton read a "Declaration of Sentiments" which declared "all men and women are created equal." |
| Robert Owen | Robert Owen (1771-1858) was a self-made cotton manufacturer. He had pioneered in industrial relations by combining firm discipline with concern for the health, safety, and hours of his workers. After 1815, he experimented with cooperative and socialist communities by establishing New Harmony in Indiana. |
| Oneida Community | A group of socio-religious perfectionists who lived in New York. Practiced polygamy, communal property, and communal raising of children. |
| Shakers | American religious sect devoted to the teachings of Ann Lee Stanley, prohibited marriage and sexual relationships. |
| Gilbert Stuart | United States painter best known for his portraits of George Washington (1755-1828) |
| Washington Irving | American writer remembered for the stories "Rip Van Winkle" and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow," contained in The Sketch Book (1819-1820). |
| James Fenimore Cooper | American novelist who is best remembered for his novels of frontier life, such as The Last of the Mohicans (1826). |
| Ralph Waldo Emerson | American transcendentalist who was against slavery and stressed self-reliance, optimism, self-improvement, self-confidence, and freedom. He was a prime example of a transcendentalist and helped further the movement. |
| Henry David Thoreau | American transcendentalist who was against a government that supported slavery. He wrote down his beliefs in Walden. He started the movement of civil-disobedience when he refused to pay the toll-tax to support the Mexican War. |
| John Greenleaf Whittier | Quaker poet; poet laureate of the antislavery crusade; important in influencing social action; cried out against inhumanity, injustice, and intolerance; was undeterred by insults and stoning; aroused America over slavery; poet of human freedom |
| Louisa May Alcott/Emily Dickinson | Louisa May Alcott: American writer and reformer best known for her largely autobiographical novel Little Women (1868-1869). Emily Dickinson: United States poet noted for her mystical and unrhymed poems that were not publiched until her death(1830-1886). |
| Herman Melville | American writer whose experiences at sea provided the factual basis of Moby-Dick (1851), considered among the greatest American novels |
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