1.
2 types of synapses: 1) Electrical
2) Chemical
2.
3 components of the Respiratory System: Accessory, Pulmonary, and Thoracic
3.
4 basic cell types: epithelial, muscle, connective, and nerve
4.
4 respiratory chemical controls: 1) Oxygen
2) pH
3) Carbon Dioxide
4) Exercise
5.
4 types of Neurons: 1) Multipolar
2) Bipolar
3) Unipolar
4) "Type II" neurons
6.
4 ways hemoglobin is able to deliver O2: 1) PO2
2) Temperature
3) PCO2
4) Acid
7.
5 parts of the Neuron: 1) Dendrites
2) Cell Body/Soma
3) Axon Hillock
4) Axon
5) Terminal Knob
8.
Accessory Components: nose/nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx
9.
Alveolar Gas Exchange - "External Respiration": diffusion gradient in the blood
10.
Alveolar Ventilation: air actually reaching the alveolar space
quiet breathing = 4200 mL
rapid breathing = 8400 mL
deep breathing = 10200 mL
(as seen above, deep breathing is more effective than rapid breathing)
11.
Alveoli: hollow, "grape-like" sacks at the end of the branches on the bronchial tree; gas exchange structures for the lung
12.
Axon: thread-like extensions arising from the hillock; specialized to transmit action potentials
13.
Axon Hillock: specialized region of cell between the Soma and Axon; signals local potentials and produces axon potentials
14.
bipolar neurons: one dendrite / one axon - usually for "special sensory apparatus" (i.e. eye, ear)
15.
capillary network: alveoli accessory component responsible for the uptake and transport of respiratory gases
16.
Cell Body/Soma: metabolic control center
17.
cellular physiology: how individual cells live and carry out their required activites
18.
Closed Circulatory System: complete circuit of tubing, where blood and interstitial fluids are kept separated
19.
conducting zone: zone in pulmonary components - uses the trachea and bronchial tree to clean an distribute air to regions of the respiratory membrane
20.
connective tissues: any variety of tissue that connects other groups of cells or tissues
21.
Dead Space: the volume of air trapped in the conducting tube system and not available for exchange with the blood (150 mL)
22.
Dendrites: multiple, tree-like extensions from the cell body; specialized to ONLY receive electrical signals (not send)
23.
diaphragm (inspiration): muscle that flattens when contracted, lowers the "floor" of the chest cavity to expand the thoracic volume
24.
diaphragm/intercostal muscles: function for pulmonary ventilation by inducing thoracic shape and suctioning in air
25.
disease: a failure or interference with normal homeostatic processes
26.
Double Circulation: 2-chambered hearts; there's a separate circuit for oxygenation and tissue delivery with a return to the heart in between
27.
effector: a device (generally a tissue/organ) that can change the level of the variable in response to signals from the integration center
28.
epithelial tissues: - formed by layers of epithelial cells
- specialized tissues for (a) protection, (b) transport into or out from body compartments, or (c) metabolic processes
29.
Expiration: the act of exhaling, naturally a passive process
30.
external intercostal (inspiration): muscle that draws the ribs up and out when contracted, which expands the chest in an anterior-posterior dimension as well as increasing thoracic volume
31.
External Respiration: gas exchange between air and blood; large collection surface and short diffusion difference
32.
feedback system: activation of effectors resulting from a change in a variable
33.
function of Nervous System: coordinate and control multiple body functions using electrical signals throughout the body
34.
Functions of nasal cavity/mucosa function: 1) warm incoming air by radiation from the warm blood vessels
2) moisten incoming air (serous glands) to prevent drying of lung structures
3) trap particle and bacteria contaminants of the air in the mucus and sweep them into the digestive tract for destruction/elimination
35.
gas flow tendency: in two connected chambers, gas will flow into the expanding chamber (larger/lower pressure)
36.
gross anatomy: the study of anatomy which can be seen with the naked eye
37.
Higher Brain Centers: hypothalamus, which is capable of overriding rhythmicity center via the medulla to transmit emotional reactions to the lungs (i.e. hyper/hypo ventilation)
38.
HOMEOSTASIS: "dynamic equilibrium" or "steady state"; a tendency to maintain internal environment within an organism
39.
how many kinds of cells is the mammalian body composed of?: over 200 kinds!
40.
Inspiration: the act of inhaling
41.
integrating center/controller: - a device that receives signals from the sensors and compares the real value of the variable to the "set point" (optimum value for the variable)
- If any difference exists between the real and the set point value, the integration center generates an "error signal" (output), which it communicates to an effector organ
42.
Internal Respiration: movement of gases from the blood to the interstitial fluids and tissue cells
43.
Lung Volumes and Ventilation: resting breath rate = 12 breaths/min.
resting volume (Tidal Volume) = 500 mL
44.
microscopic anatomy: the study of anatomy which requires an instrument to observe
45.
Minute Ventilation: total gas exchanged in 1 minute
46.
multipolar neurons: multiple dendrites / single axon - most common in nervous systems. Also, in the common form of a motor neuron (muscle activator) of the PNS
47.
muscle cells/tissue: elongated and strongly interconnected; produce mechanical forces, create pressure or movement
48.
myelination: an insulating fat (cell membrane) sheath around the axon that causes the signal to jump rapidly from node to node
49.
negative feedback pattern: when a change in a variable is reversed/negated by the effector and a system is returned back to its original state (this is the majority of most controls)
50.
nervous tissues: cells specialized to initiate/transmit electrical signals in response to appropriate stimuli
51.
Neural Respiratory Centers: regulator of respiration - basic controls of breathing; autorhythmic neurons
52.
Neuron: basic structural component of of the nervous system; specialized cell to transmit electrical messages
53.
Open Circulatory System: when interstitial fluids are maintained in a constant motion with an open-ended tube acting as a pump
54.
ORGAN: a combination of 2+ primary tissues (often all four) organized to perform a particular function
55.
organ system physiology: how related parts of the body contribute to overall function, often a "system" for each primary "life function"
56.
ORGAN SYSTEMS: a collection of organs that interact and perform related functions to accomplish common, essential physiologic tasks
57.
Oxygen transport: Oxygen is carried in the blood 2 ways -
1) dissolved in plasma
2) bound to a carrier (i.e. hemoglobin)
58.
pathophysiology: how/why things go wrong in disease states
59.
PHYSIOLOGY: the study of how to body parts carry out life-sustaining processes
60.
pleural membranes: a thoracic component - a visceral pleura covering the outer surface of the lungs and a parietal pleura covering the inner surface of the thorax; permits easy sliding of one organ over another during breathing movements
61.
positive feedback system: - when a change in a variable promotes greater change
- not often used in physiological processes
- can often promote tissues damages and death
- exception when variable has an automatic or natural limit
62.
Postsynaptic membrane: the effector cell membrane
63.
Presynaptic membrane: the terminal knob membrane
64.
Pulmonary Components: conducting zone - air-tube system
respiratory zone - gas exchange in airsac region
65.
Pulmonary Ventilation: when gases are moved in and out of airsacs so the oxygen content of the sacs can be refreshed
66.
regulated variable: any chemical or physical condition in the internal environment that can potentially affect the health of the organism and is subject to modulation (biologically speaking)
67.
respiration: the process of oxygen reacting with other biochemicals to release and trap energy; cellular process, carried out by the Respiratory System
68.
Respiratory Mucosa: mucus-covered membrane that lines tubes of the respiratory tree
69.
respiratory zone: zone in pulmonary components - region capable of gas exchange; consists of alveolar sacs made of individual alveoli
70.
sensor: - a "device" (receptor cell, group, organ) that monitors the ongoing state or level of the variable
- relay signals (input) to the control unit
71.
Steps of Cellular Respiration: 1) Pulmonary Ventilation (Respiratory System)
2) External Respiration (Respiratory System)
3) Transport of Respiratory Gases (Circulatory System)
4) Internal Respiration (Circulatory System)
72.
Synapses: special structures that transmit signals from cell to cell
73.
Synaptic Cleft: the space between cells
74.
Terminal Knob: specialized part of axon for secretory activity
75.
the rib cage: structure that provides protection and mechanical support
76.
Thoracic Components: Pleural Membranes, The Rib Cage, and Diaphragm/Intercostal Muscles
77.
TISSUE: an aggregate of a simple type of specialized cells; four basic types (epithelial, connective, muscle, nerve)
78.
Transport of Respiratory Gases: when oxygen moves from the lung to the tissues and carbon dioxide waste from the tissues to the lungs; Circulatory System
79.
Type I Cells: extremely thin cells that form the inner wall of the alveoli where gases pass; allows for rapid diffusion of insoluble oxygen
80.
Type II Cells: cells in the alveoli that secrete "surfactant" which aids in the mechanical opening of airsacs
81.
Type II neurons: no axons; used for local neuron-to-neuron communication in the CNS
82.
unipolar neurons: only one axon, which extends from cell body - sends signals in two directions, usually act as sensory neurons
83.
ways Carbon Dioxide is carried in the blood: 1) freely dissolved in plasma (7%)
2) bound to hemoglobin (23%)
3) chemically reacted to form bicarbonate (70%)
