Cardiac System pathology
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Created by:
mdenucci08 on May 12, 2011
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Classes:
NPTESA, Cardiac + Pulmonary + Integumentary System
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44 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Aneurysm | A weakening in the wall of a vessel that produces a sac-like area. There is 50% increase in the normal vessel diameter with weakening of all layers of the arterial or venous wall. |
| Etiology of an Aneurysm | Can include genetic disposition, trauma or infection. |
| Common sites of an Aneurysm | Aorta, abdomina aorta, femoral, and popliteal arteries. |
| Symptoms of an Aneurysm | (Depend on Location) Intermittent or constant pain Abnormal heart beat Serious complication can occur including: MI, stroke, renal failure, and embolization |
| Angina Pectoris | A transient process that occurs when the coronary arteries are unable to supply the heart with adequate oxygen. |
| Etiology of Angina | Sudden onset once the myocardial oxygen demand is higher than the supply. Coronary Artery Disease accounts for 90% of all cases. |
| Four Most Common Types of Angina: 1 | Nocturnal |
| Four Most Common Types of Angina: 2 | Prinzmetal's |
| Four Most Common Types of Angina: 3 | Stable |
| Four Most Common Types of Angina: 4 | Unstable |
| Nocturnal Angina | Angina that will wake someone up form his or her sleep with the same characteristics as angina from exertion. This may be related to congestive heart failure. |
| Prinzmetal's Angina | Angina that occurs while at rest secondary to coronary artery disease or spasm. This can be severe and not readily relieved by nitroglycerin. |
| Stable Angina | Angina that usually occurs at a predictable level of exertion, exercise, or stress and responds to rest or nitroglycerin. |
| Unstable Angina | Angina that can occur at rest or with exertion and had changed intensity, frequency, and/or duration. |
| Symptoms of Angina | Temporary pain Sudden onset Pain may radiate Usually lasts 1-5 minutes Usually relieved with rest or nitroglycerin |
| Atherosclerosis | A condition of progressive accumulation of fatty plaques on the interior walls of vessels that ultimately produces stenosis. |
| Etiology of Atherosclerosis | Process begins in childhood and usually affects medium sized arteries. Overtime plaque that produces stenosis inside the vessel can also block blood flow. May result in heart attack or stroke. |
| Cardiomyopathy | A group of conditions that affect the myocardium itself, impairing the ability for the heart to contract and relax. |
| Three Types of Cardiomyopathy: 1 | Dilated |
| Three Types of Cardiomyopathy: 2 | Hypertrophic |
| Three Types of Cardiomyopathy: 3 | Restrictive |
| Symptoms of Cardiomyopathy | (Depends on type) Neck vein distension Fatigue, weakness Possible chest pain sudden death (hypertrophic) Exercise intolerance |
| Congestive Heart Failure | A condition that usually results from coronary artery disease when the heart is unable to maintain and adequate cardiac output. Characterized by abnormal retention of fluid and results in diminished blood flow to the tissue and congestion of the pulmonary and/or systemic circulation. |
| Symptoms of Congestive Heart Failure | (Depend on Type) Pulmonary edema Orthopnea Non productive cough S3 Gallop Exertional HTN Weight gain within hours Increased resting HR |
| Coronary Artery Disease | The narrowing or blockage of the coronary arteries that may produce ischemia and necrosis of the myocardium. Inability for vasodilation and as a result the arteries cannot meet the metabolic demands. Will produce ischemia and eventually necrosis. |
| Etiology of Coronary Artery Disease | Inheritance, environment, culture, nutrition, and smoking. |
| Symptoms of Coronary Artery Disease | Appear after significant blockage > 75% Pain in occluded artery's region If untreated, MI or sudden death |
| Infective Endocarditis | Causes inflammation of the endothelium that lines the heart and cardiac valves. Most commonly damages the mitral valve, then the aortic, and then the tricupsid valves. |
| Etiology of Infective Endocarditis | Commonly caused by bacteria that are normally present in the body. Can also occur after an invasive medical or dental procedure. Not easily diagnosed or treated. |
| Symptoms of Infective Endocarditis | May have sudden onset or by asymptomatic for months Valvular dysfunction May affect organ systems Chest pain, CHF, clubbing Arthralgia, arthritis, acidosis Myalgia, low back pain Meningitis, stroke, confusion |
| Myocardial Infarction | Causes irreversible damage to a segment of the heart muscle due to prolonged ischemia. |
| Etiology of Myocardial Infarction | Narrowing of coronary arteries due to atherosclerotic occlusion, poor coronary perfusion secondary to hemorrhage or occlusion of the major coronary arteries. |
| Symptoms of Myocardial Infarction | Sudden constant pain and/or pressure May radiate up neck, down arm Shortness of breath Profuse perspiration Unexplained fatigue |
| Expected Damage with Infarct to Anterior Heart | Left anterior descending artery High risk of large infarction Heart Failure Sudden Death |
| Expected Damage with Infarct to Inferior Heart | Right coronary artery Right ventricle damage AV block Medium Infarct Possible |
| Expected Damage with Infarct to Lateral heart and/or superior heart | Least area of muscle affected Usually the least overall damage Minor impairment or complications |
| Myocarditis | Refers to an uncommon condition of inflammation to the myocardium itself. |
| Etiology of Myocarditis | Usually due to infection. |
| Symptoms of myocarditis | Mild, low-level chest pain Soreness in the epigastric region Fatigue Palpitations |
| Pericarditis | Inflammation of the pericardium (The outer membrane) of the heart. This condition may be acute or chronic and can be painful or asymptomatic. |
| Etiology of Pericarditis | Often unknown; however, causes such as infection, myocardial infarction, radiation therapy, post cardiac surgery, metabolic disorders, and aortic dissection have been linked to this diagnosis. |
| Symptoms of Pericarditis | (Varied and based on underlying etiology) Auscultation reveals pericardial friction rub Pleuretic chest pain Diffuse ST segment elevation Retrosternal chest pain Cough and hoarseness Fever, fatigue, and weakness Joint pain |
| Rheumatic Heart Disease | The result of damage to the heart secondary to inflammation from rheumatic fever. Rheumatic fever can occur from streptococcal group A bacteria, and is classified as an autoimmune disease. Can affect all connective tissues of the heart, joints, and central nervous system and frequently damages cardiac valves. |
| Symptoms of Rheumatic Heart Disease | Carditis with chest pain Acute onset polyarthritis Chorea Arthralgias and weakness Fever Palpitations |
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