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Lollards followers of John Wycliffe Hus started Hussites, urged elimination of worldliness and corruption of clergy, attacked excessive power of papacy, called to Council of Constance arrested, burnt at the stake Papal Politics and Intrigue Popes didn't cooperate and Pope Pious II issues papal bull Nepotism putting forward of families Leo X patron of renaissance culture Erasmus formulated and popularized the reform program of Christian humanism, emphasized inner piety, de-emphasized external forms of religion Leaned Abbot and Praise Folly Spread understanding of philosophy of Jesus, hard on abuses within clergy Thomas More wrote Utopia new social system where cooperation and reason replaced power and fame Pluralism highest clergy positions held by nobles and high church officials took over more church offices to increase revenues Indulgences paying for the remission of sins Simony the selling of Church offices Justification act by which a person is made deserving of salvation, main doctrine of Protestant Reformation 95 Thesis Luther's response to indulgences, made an impression on the Germans already angry with the church Reformation started after Luther wrote the 95 Theses, and when Johann Eck forced Luther to go farther than indulgences and deny authority of popes and councils, the Luther wrote pamphlets to spread his ideas, spreading the reformation Lutheran Bible Luther began a church in 1522, and organized a reform church, while he wrote his translation of the New Testament into German Peasants War peasants were mad because they were still abused, and had new demands for taxes, looked to Luther for support, but he wouldn't help them and told them to do what the nobles ask Good Works Luther believed you didn't need good works to go to heaven, that you only need to believe in Jesus, and have faith Charles V HRE wanted to preserve unity in Catholic Church in HRE, French, papacy, Turks, and Germany's internal situation cost him his dream and his health Francis I became involved in conflict with Charles over land and fought over 24 years, distracting Charles from concentrating on the Lutheran problem Suleiman the Magnificent defeated King Louis of Hungary, gained land but lost it Diet of Augsburg Charles attempted to end the Lutheran problem Schmalkaldic League group of 8 princes and 11 Lutheran imperial cities alliance, would assist each other Peace of Augsburg end of religious warfare in Germany, marked a turning point in the Reformation and division of Christianity formally recognized Scandinavia Christian II overthrown, succeeded by Christian III, established Lutheranism, Vasa became king of Sweden and established Lutheran reformation Zwingli influenced by Christian humanism, began Reformation in Switzerland Swiss Civil War war between Zwingli and the Catholics Anabaptists radicals who rejected magisterial reformation and favored more radical reform movement English Reformation started by Henry VIII who wanted a divorce, fired his advisor and hired new one who told him to separate from the church and use government to get a divorce Calvanism John Calvin organized movement and influenced by Luther Predestination the belief, associated with Calvinism, that God, as a consequence of his foreknowledge of all events and has predetermined those who will be saved and those who will be damned Popular Practice the elimination of saints Council of Trent reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachings Edict of Nanes said that the Protestants in France could stay Protestant Revolt of the Netherlands they revolted against France and Germany to become their own country Queen Mary wanted england completely catholic Queen Elizabeth she didn't want England to be torn apart by religion so she made sure she wasn't the Pope figure and let everyone follow the religion they pleased Puritans wanted no sort of Catholicism in their church so protestants that were part of the Anglican church Spanish Armada failed completely because the fleets of ships had many encounters with England