World History Final Exam Terms
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182 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Emilio Aquinaldo | Leader of a movement for independence in Phillipines |
| "White Man's Burden" | Poem by Rudyard Kipling, idea that many European countries had a duty to spread their religion and culture to those less civilized |
| Indirect Rule | Local rulers became puppets to the government |
| King Mongkut | maintained friendly relations with colonial powers, prevented Thailand from colonial rule. promoted western learning and maintained friendly relations with major European powers |
| Boers | descendants of original dutch settlers |
| Shaka | Zulu ruler |
| Ethiopia and Liberia | by 1914, the only two african nations that remained free of European rule. |
| Muhammad Ali | Ruler of Egypt, established separate Egyptian state |
| David Livingstone | Explorer who disappeared |
| Sepoy Mutiny | rebellion of Hindu and Muslim soldiers against the British in India |
| Indian National Congress | group formed by Hindu nationalist leaders of India in the late 1800's to gain greater democracy and eventual self-rule |
| Rabindranath Tagore | Who was the Indian author who was also a social reformer, spiritual leader, educator, philosopher, singer, and painter? |
| Mohandas Ghandi | A 20th-century Indian who helped lead his country to independence by using nonviolent resistance to colonial rule. |
| Viceroy | Representative of the queen |
| Francois-Dominique Toussaint-Louverture | Led the revolt in the French colony of Saint Domingue (Haiti) |
| Peninsulares | Spanish-born, came to Latin America; ruled, highest social class |
| Mestizos | A person of mixed Native American and European ancestory |
| Simon Bolivar | Venezuelan statesman who led the revolt of South American colonies against Spanish rule |
| Jose de San Martin | South American general and statesman, born in Argentina: leader in winning independence for Argentina, Peru, and Chile; protector of Peru |
| Hidalgo | member of the minor nobility |
| Benito Jaurez | Brought liberal reforms to the poor |
| Porfiro Diaz | ruled mexico for 35 years, welcomed foreign investors which benefitted wealthy land owners, resigned in 1911 due to pressure from liberal reformer Madero |
| Francisco Madero | early leader in the Mexican Revolution; in 1911 became president of Mexico; wanted land ownership and free, honest elections |
| Emiliano Zapata | leading figure in the Mexican Revolution, which lasted 10 years; 1910-1920; faught for farmers' rights; gathered army in southern Mexico and urged farmers to join; Liberation Army of the South |
| Caudillos | independent leaders who dominated local areas by force in defiance of national policies; sometimes seized national governments to impose their concept of rule; typical throughout newly independent countries of latin america. |
| Monroe Doctrine | A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere. |
| Gunpowder Empire | Formed by outside conquerers who unified the regions that they conquered. |
| Sultan | The supreme political and military authority in Ottoman Rule |
| Harem | Private domain of the Sultan |
| Grand Vizier | the Ottoman sultan's chief minister, who led the meetings of the imperial council. |
| Sultan Selim I | took control of Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Arabia, the heartland of Islam |
| Janissaries | Christian boys taken from families, converted to Islam, and then rigorously trained to serve the sultan |
| Sunni | A branch of Islam whose members acknowledge the first four caliphs as the rightful successors of Muhammad |
| Shia | a Muslim group that accepts only the descendants of Muhammed's son-in-law Ali as the true rulers of Islam |
| Shah | title for the former hereditary monarch of Iran |
| Shah Abbas | Also known as Abbas the Great, took the throne in 1587 and helped create the Safavid culture |
| Safavids | A shi'ite muslim dynasty that ruled in Persia (Iran and parts of Iraq) from the 16th-18th centuries that had a mixed culture of the persians, ottomans and arabs |
| Azerbaijan | a landlocked republic in southwestern Asia |
| Ismail | Name the first Safavid Shah, killed those who didn't covert to Shia. |
| Orthodoxy | state of following established teachings especially in religion |
| Anarchy | a state of lawlessness and disorder (usually resulting from a failure of government) |
| Pashas | Term for the provincial rulers of the Ottoman Empire |
| Moguls | they created another Muslim Empire in India. They were muslim Warriors who came from the mountains north of india. They used guns, cannons, elephants, and horses to conquer territory. in 1526 they made the city of Delhi which was the center of their empire. |
| Akbar | Most illustrious sultan of the Mughal Empire in India (r. 1556-1605). He expanded the empire and pursued a policy of conciliation with Hindus. |
| Jahangir | Akbar's son, he left most of the ruling to his wife. (Mughals) |
| Shah Jahan | Mogul emperor of India during whose reign the finest monuments of Mogul architecture were built (including the Taj Mahal at Agra) (1592-1666) |
| Aurangzeb | Mughal emperor in India and great-grandson of Akbar 'the Great', under whom the empire reached its greatest extent, only to collapse after his death |
| Babur | A Turkish prince that was a descendant of Tamerlane. Founded the Mughal empire. |
| Suttee | the act of a Hindu widow willingly cremating herself on the funeral pyre of her dead husband |
| Zamindar | a local official in Mogul India who received a plot of farmland for temporary use in return for collecting taxes for the central government |
| Sinan | the greatest of all Ottoman architects |
| Razi-I-Abassi | Safavid Artist, known for non-religious works of art |
| Ulema | a group of religious advisers to the ottoman sultan; this group administered the legal system and schools for educating Muslims |
| Mehmet II | 7th sultan ruler of the Ottoman Empire, captured Constantinople (Istanbul) (The Byzantine Empire) |
| Shah Abbas | The death of what ruler caused the Safavid dynasty to decline? |
| Silk and Textiles | What were the two outstanding products of the Persians? |
| Safavid Dynasty | Dynasty founded by Shah Ismail |
| Mogul Dynasty | Dynasty that unified the subcontinent of India in the 1600's |
| Akbar | Who expanded his empire to rile almost all of India? |
| Ming Dynasty | A major dynasty that ruled China from the mid-fourteenth to the mid-seventeenth century. It was marked by a great expansion of Chinese commerce into East Africa, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia |
| Yong Le | Ming Emperor who moved the capital north to Beijing. he created the imperial City and the forbidden City. Interested in naval explorations |
| Qing Dynasty | the last imperial dynasty of China (from 1644 to 1912) which was overthrown by revolutionaries |
| Qianlong | Chinese Qing emperor (r. 1736-1795), grandson of Kangxi who continued his grandfather's conquests by consolidating hold on Xinjiang province (westernmost). He made Vietnam, Burma and Nepal vassal states of China, and delegated responsibilities to his favorite Eunuchs, marking the decline of the Qing Dynasty |
| Clan | a group of related families |
| Ming Decorative Arts | Porcelain and Ceramics |
| Queue | a braid of hair at the back of the head |
| Zheng He | An imperial eunuch and Muslim, entrusted by the Ming emperor Yongle with a series of state voyages that took his gigantic ships through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa. (pp. 355, 422) |
| Footbinding | practice in chinese society to mutilate women's feet in order to make them smaller; produced pain and restricted women's movement; made it easier to confine women to the household |
| Cao Xuegin | wrote The Dream of the Red Chamber, China's most distinguished popular novel |
| Daimyo | a japanese feudal lord who commanded a private army of samurai |
| Toyotomi Hideyoshi | The predecessor of Tokugawa; succeeded Nobunaga Oda and laid the foundations of the Tokugawa shogunate |
| Shogunate | a form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.) |
| Matsuo Basho | greatest of the Haiku poets |
| Tokugawa Ieyasu | Vassal of Toyotomi Hideyoshi; succeeded him as most powerful military figure in Japan; granted title of shogun in 1603 and established Tokugawa Shogunate; established political unity in Japan |
| Japanese Class System | Warriors, Peasants, Artisans, Merchants, and the Eta |
| Kabuki | a type of Japanese drama in which music, dance and mime are used to present stories |
| Ihara Saikaku | Wrote "Fiven Women Who Loved Love" |
| The Hermit Kingdom | Korea |
| Yi Dynasty | Korean dynasty that opened schools and made neo-Confucianism the state doctrine, in Hanyang |
| Heliocentric Theory | Sun at the center, argued by Copernicus |
| Geocentric Theory | Earth at center, argued by Ptolemy |
| Kepler | Stated the laws of planetary motion |
| Galileo | First to use the telescope to study the stars |
| Isaac Newton | Universal Law of Gravitation |
| Robert Boyle | First scientist to conduct controlled experiments |
| Vesalius | Father of human anatomy |
| Descartes | Rationalism and reason |
| Voltaire | Deism |
| John Locke | Father of liberalism, social contract theory (Government of the people's free will) |
| Montesquieu | Separation of powers and the scientific method. (Natural Laws) |
| Diderot | contributed to the encyclopedia |
| Philosophes | French for philosopher |
| Rousseau | Social Contract |
| Tabula Rasa | Thesis stating people are blank at birth and knowledge comes with experience |
| Francis Bacon | Scientific Method and Inductive Reasoning |
| Lavoiser | Father of modern chemistry |
| Adam Smith | Interested in natural economic laws |
| Laissez- Faire | Doctrine stating government should leave the economy alone |
| Cesare Beccaria | Humane and Justice (Opposed capital punishment) |
| Tipolo | Rococo art movement. (Focused on grace, charm, and gentle action. Highly Secular) |
| Bach | German organist and composer |
| Handel | German baroque composer |
| Haydn | Austrian father of symphony |
| Mozart | Classical German composer (child prodigy) |
| Joseph II | failed at enlightened absolutionism (Only child was Maria Theresa) |
| Maria Theresa | First and only female ruler of the Hapsburg dominion promoting reforms that improved equality among Austrian citizens |
| Frederick the Great | King of Prussia, successful in the war of Austrian succession and the seven years war. |
| Mary Wollstonecraft | English writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women |
| Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz | Self taught scholar and Spanish nun that advocated education for women and women's rights |
| Articles of Confederation | First U.S. Constitution |
| Bill of Rights | 10 amendments that go with the constitution |
| Constitutional Convention | Gathering to address the U.S.' problems with the first constitution |
| George Washington | presided over the writing of the constitution |
| Treaty of Paris 1763 | Ended the American Revolutionary war between U.S and Britain |
| Constitution of the U.S. | Supreme law of the U.S |
| Napoleon Bonaparte | Overthrew French Directory, and became emperor of the French. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile. |
| Charles de Calonne | This financial advisor called the Assembly of Notables, but failed to gain support from the First and Second Estates so he told the king to recall the Estates-General in July 1778 |
| Lazare Carnot | was in charge of military of Committee of Public Safety (one of prominent leaders of Committee of Public Safety) reorganized french army |
| Marquis de Lafayette | French soldier who joined General Washington's staff and became a general in the Continental Army. |
| Louis XVI | - King of France (1774-1792). In 1789 he summoned the Estates-General, but he did not grant the reforms that were demanded and revolution followed. Louis and his queen, Marie Antoinette, were executed in 1793. |
| Jacques Necker | financial expert of Louis XVI, he advised Louis to reduce court spending, reform his government, abolish tarriffs on internal trade, but the First and Second Estates got him fired |
| Maximilien Robespierre | Young provincial lawyer who led the most radical phases of the French Revolution. His execution ended the Reign of Terror. |
| Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès | A liberal member of the clergy, supporter of the Third Estate, and author of the fiery 1789 pamphlet "What Is the Third Estate?" Sieyès was one of the primary leaders of the Third Estate's effort at political and economic reform in France. |
| Congress of Vienna | Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon. |
| Concert of Europe | Alliances devised by prince Klemens von Metternich to prevent outbreak of revolutions. |
| Crimean War | Conflict between the Russian and Ottoman Empires fought primarily in the Crimean Peninsula. To prevent Russian expansion, Britain and France sent troops to support the Ottomans. |
| Compromise of 1867 | established a dual monarchy of Austria and Hungary |
| Charles Dickens | English writer whose novels depicted and criticized social injustice (1812-1870) (Oliver Twist) |
| Gustav Flaubert | - He wrote Madame Bovary. - It's accuracy and depth in psychological thought was unparalleled. - His stories tell of a frustrated middle-class housewife who has an adulterous love affair and is betrayed by her lover. |
| Louis Pasteur | French chemist and biologist whose discovery that fermentation is caused by microorganisms resulted in the process of pasteurization (1822-1895) |
| Charles Darwin | English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection (1809-1882) |
| Gustave Courbet | French painter noted for his realistic depiction of everyday scenes (1819-1877) |
| Giuseppe Garibaldi | Italian patriot whose conquest of Sicily and Naples led to the formation of the Italian state (1807-1882) |
| Poland | Two days after Hitler's invasion of ____, Britain and France declared war on Germany. |
| Pearl Harbor | United States military base on Hawaii that was bombed by Japan, bringing the United States into World War II. Pearl Harbor was attacked on December 7, 1941. |
| Battle of Midway | turning point of the war in Asia; US planes destroyed four attacking Japanese aircraft carriers; defeated the Japanese navy and established naval superiority in the Pacific |
| Dunkirk | a city in northern France on the North Sea where in World War II (1940) 330,000 Allied troops had to be evacuated from the beaches at Dunkirk in a desperate retreat under enemy fire |
| Cold War | A conflict that was between the US and the Soviet Union. The nations never directly confronted eachother on the battlefield but deadly threats went on for years. |
| The Holocaust | The mass murder of 6 million Jews and others in Nazi concentration camps during WWII |
| Douglas MacArthur | The mastermind of the "island hopping" strategy in South East Asia during WWII |
| Dwight Eisenhower | United States general who supervised the invasion of Normandy and the defeat of Nazi Germany |
| Mussolini | Led Italy during most of WWII |
| Roosevelt | President of the U.S. when it entered WWII |
| Yamamato | masterminded the Japanese naval strategy during WWII |
| Harry Truman | made the final decision to drop the atomic bomb on Japan. |
| Churchill | Prime minister of Great Britain when the nation stood alone against the axis powers. |
| Axis Powers | Germany, Italy, Japan |
| Auschwitz | a Nazi concentration camp for Jews in southwestern Poland during World War II |
| Blitz | a rapid and violent military attack with intensive aerial bombardment |
| Vichy, France | Southern Pro-Nazi French; govern themselves as loyal to nazis; traitors to the Free French in N. France |
| appeasement | Satisfying the demands of dissatisfied powers in an effort to maintain peace and stability. |
| nazis | German political party joined by Adolf Hitler, emphasizing nationalism, racism, and war. When Hitler became chancellor of Germany in 1933, the Nazi Party became the only legal party and an instrument of Hitler's absolute rule. (786) |
| Luftwaffe | the German airforce |
| Munich Conference | 1938 conference at which European leaders attempted to appease Hitler by turning over the Sudetenland to him in exchange for promise that Germany would not expand Germany's territory any further. |
| Yalta Conference | When FDR, Churchill, and Stalin meet; they agreed to wage war on Japan, to divide Germany into 4 equal parts, on the big 5's veto, and to hold free elections for the liberated countries |
| Holocaust | the Nazi program of exterminating Jews under Hitler |
| Isolationism | abstention from alliances and other international political and economic relations; American foreign policy |
| Postdam Conference | This is the conference where Stalin, Truman, and Churchill came together to decide how Germany would be administered. Their goals were to establish order, settle peace treaty issues, and deal with the effects of WWII. |
| Anti-Comintern Act | agreement between Japan and Germany, later Italy; made to stop communism |
| D-Day | June 6, 1944 - Led by Eisenhower, over a million troops (the largest invasion force in history) stormed the beaches at Normandy and began the process of re-taking France. The turning point of World War II. |
| Allied Powers | Great Britain, France, Italy, Russia, and later the US |
| Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact | Agreement between Hitler and Stalin that said they would both invade Poland and not attack one another |
| Tehran Conference | December, 1943, a meeting between FDR, Churchill and Stalin in Iran to discuss coordination of military efforts against Germany, they repeated the pledge made in the earlier Moscow Conference to create the United Nations after the war's conclusion to help ensure international peace |
| Blitzkrieg | "Lighting war", typed of fast-moving warfare used by German forces against Poland n 1939 |
| Kamikaze | Japanese suicide pilots who loaded their planes with explosives and crashed them into American ships. |
| Final Solution | final solution of the Jewish question-murder of every single Jew-had begun-mass arresting, and trafficking of Jews to the concentration camps-mass killings occurred as well in the gas chambers |
| Treaty of Nanjing | 1842, ended Opium war, said the western nations would determine who would trade with china, not china, so it set up the unequal treaty system which allowed western nations to own a part of chinese territory and conduct trading business in china under their own laws. This treaty set up 5 treaty ports where westerners could live, work, and be treated under their own laws. One of these were Hong Kong. |
| Hong Xiuquan | Leader of the Tai Ping Rebellion, viewed himself as the younger brother of Jesus Christ. |
| John Hay | Secretary of State under McKinley and Roosevelt who pioneered the open-door policy and Panama canal |
| General Yuan Shigai | ________ agreed to serve as president of a new Chinese republic after the collapse of the Qing dynasty. |
| Mutsuhito | Emperor who saw Japan through the Meiji Restoration |
| Opium War | War between Britain and the Qing Empire that was, in the British view, occasioned by the Qing government's refusal to permit the importation of opium into its territories. The victorious British imposed the one-sided Treaty of Nanking on China. |
| Tai Ping Rebellion | *Economic problems led to a peasant revolt, led by Hong Xiuquan. *The goals of the rebellion were to give land to peasants,treat women as equal. *The rebels seized Nanjing. *The Europeans came to aid of China and brought the rebellion to an end. twenty million people killed during rebellion. |
| Sun Yat-Sen | Chinese nationalist revolutionary, founder and leader of the Guomindang until his death. He attempted to create a liberal democratic political movement in China but was thwarted by military leaders. |
| Mathew Perry | A militant leader who commanded a fleet of well-armed American fleets, and brought a letter to Japan demanding them to open its ports to diplomatic & commercial exchange |
| Wang Tao | - journalist with such democratic ideas that were too radical for most reformers and remarked that England embodies the traditional ideals of China's golden age. |
| Edo | the capital and largest city of Japan |
| Ito Hirobumi | he led a comission that traveled to Great Britain, France, Germany, and the U.S. to study their governments |
| Meiji | The period of Japanese History from 1867 - 1912 during which the country was ruled by Emperor Mutsuhito and Experienced Modernization. |
| Boxers | Patriotic Chinese militant group who killed foreigners and Chinese Christians |
| Prefectures | in the japanese Meiji Restoration, a territory governed by its former daimyo lord |
| "self strengthening" | the goal of the reform movement in late 19th century China that sought to master Western technology in order to better resist Western pressure by building arsenals and dockyards, sending envoys abroad, building railways, developing steam navigation, building coal mines, telegraph lines, and cotton spinning/weaving factories; faced conservative resistance that viewed it as conceding defeat to West |
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