| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Genetics | field of biology devoted to understanding how characteristics are transmitted from parents to offspring |
| heredity | the transmission of characteristics from parents to offspring |
| trait | is a genetically determined variant of a characteristic |
| pollination | occurs when pollen is transferred from the anthers of a flower to the stigma of either that flower or another flower on the same plant |
| cross-pollination | occurs between flowers of two plants |
| true-breeding | or pure, for a trait always produce offspring with that trait when they self-pollinate |
| P generation | true breeding parents first generation |
| F1 generation | offspring of P generation (first filial generation) |
| F2 | offspring of F2 generation 9 (second filial generation) |
| dominant | the allele of a trait that will not be masked in the presence of another |
| recessive | the allele of the trait that will be masked in the presence of another |
| law of segregation | pair of factors that are segregated or separated during the formation of gametes |
| law of independent assortment | factors separate independently of one another during the formation of gametes |
| molecular genetics | study if the structure and function of chromosomes and genes |
| allele | two or more alternative forms of a gene |
| genotype | organisms genetic makeup |
| phenotype | organisms appearance |
| homozygous | when both alleles of a pair are alike |
| heterozygous | when the two alleles of a pair are different |
| probability | likelihood that a specific event will occur |
| monohybrid cross | a cross in which only one characteristic is tracked |
| Punnet square | a diagram that aids scientists in predicting the probable distribution of inherited traits in the offspring |
| genotypic ratio | ratio of the genotypes that appear in offspring |
| phenotypic ratio | ratio of the offspring's phenotypes |
| testcross | when an individual of unknown genotype is crossed with a homozygous recessive individual |
| complete dominance | when one allele is completely dominant over another |
| incomplete dominance | when the phenotype of a heterozygote is intermediate between the phenotypes determined by the dominant and recessive traits |
| codominance | occurs when both alleles for a gene are expressed in a heterozygous offspring |
| dihybrid cross | a cross in which two characteristics are tracked |
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