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chromosome a threadlike body in the cell nucleus that carries the genes in a linear order histone a simple protein containing mainly basic amino acids chromatid one of two identical strands into which a chromosome splits during mitosis centrome where eah pair of chromatids is attached chromatin the readily stainable substance of a cell nucleus consisting of DNA and RNA and various proteins sex chromosome (genetics) a chromosome that determines the sex of an individual karyotype the appearance of the chromosomal makeup of a somatic cell in an individual or species (including the number and arrangement and size and structure of the chromosomes) diploid (genetics) an organism or cell having two sets of chromosomes or twice the haploid number haploid (genetics) an organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes binary fission a form of asexual reproduction in single-celled organisms by which one cell divides into two cells of the same size mitosis cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes asexual reproduction reproduction without the fusion of gametes meiosis (genetics) cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms gamete a mature sexual reproductive cell having a single set of unpaired chromosomes interphase the period of the cell cycle during which the nucleus is not undergoing division, typically occurring between mitotic or meiotic divisions cytokinesis organic process consisting of the division of the cytoplasm of a cell following karyokinesis bringing about the separation into two daughter cells prophase the first stage of mitosis spindle fiber one of the microtubules that extend across a dividing eukaryotic cell; assists in the movement of chromosomes metaphase the second stage of mitosis anaphase the stage of meiosis or mitosis when chromosomes move toward opposite ends of the nuclear spindle telophase the final stage of mitosis cell plate the precursor of a new plant cell wall that forms during cell division and divides a cell into two synapsis the side by side pairing of homologous maternal and paternal chromosomes at the start of meiosis tetrad the cardinal number that is the sum of three and one crossing over the interchange of sections between pairing homologous chromosomes during the prophase of meiosis genetic recombination the production of offspring with combinations of traits differing from those found in either parent independent assortment the random distribution of the pairs of genes on different chromosomes to the gametes spermatogenesis development of spermatozoa oogenesis development of ova polar body a small cell containing little cytoplasm that is produced along with the oocyte and later discarded sexual reproduction reproduction involving the union or fusion of a male and a female gamete