IB Biology (Chapter 2)
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39 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Cell Theory | - Living organisms composed of cells - Cells are the smallest unit of life - Cells come from pre-existing cells |
| Functions of Life | - Growth - Homeostasis - Metabolism - Response - Reproduction - Nutrition |
| Differentiation | Cells in multi-cellular organisms develop in different ways and therefore carry out different functions |
| Nutrition | Obtaining food |
| Reproduction | Producing offspring |
| Growth | Increasing in size |
| Homeostasis | Controlling the conditions within the cell |
| Response | Reacting to stimuli |
| Metabolism | Chemical reactions within the cell |
| Emergent Properties | Whole organism is more than just the sum of it's parts due to complex interactions between cells |
| Stem Cells | Cells that have the capacity to self-renew and to differentiate |
| Cell Wall | (Prokaryotic cells) Forms a protective outer layer that prevents damage from outside and from bursting if internal pressure is high |
| Plasma Membrane | (Prokaryotic cells) Controls entry and exit of substances, pumping some in by active transport |
| Cytoplasm | (Prokaryotic cells) Contains enzymes that catalyze the chemical reactions of metabolism and contains DNA in region called nucleoid |
| Pilus | (Prokaryotic cells) Hair-like structures on cell wall, when connected to another bacterial cell they can be used to pull cells together |
| Flagella | (Prokaryotic cells) Solid protein structures on cell wall which rotate and cause movement |
| Ribosomes | Small granular structures that synthesize proteins by translating mRNA |
| Nucleoid | (Prokaryotic cells) Region of the cytoplasm that contains naked DNA, which is the genetic information for the cell |
| Membrane Proteins | Proteins within the cell membrane |
| Protein Pumps | Used for active transport, use energy (ATP) to move specific substances across the membrane |
| Protein Channels | Passages through the center of the membrane, used for passive transport; each channel allows one specific substance to go through |
| Electron Carriers | Proteins arranged in chains on membrane so that electrons can pass from one carrier to another; for cell to cell communication |
| Hormone Binding Site | Site exposed on the outside of the membrane, allows for one specific hormone to bind, this causes signal to be transmitted to inside of cell |
| Enzymes | Protein which catalyses reactions on either the inside or the outside of the cell |
| Diffusion | The passive movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to an region of lower concentration; as a result of random motion of particles |
| Partially Permeable | Membranes allow some substances to diffuse through but not others |
| Simple Diffusion | When substances move between the phospholipid molecules in the membrane |
| Facilitated Diffusion | Channel proteins used to allow substances (unable to pass through membrane), to diffuse through |
| Solvent | A liquid in which particles dissolve |
| Solute | The particles that dissolve in a solvent |
| Osmosis | The passive movement of water from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration, across a semi-permeable membrane |
| Active Transport | Movement of substances across the membrane using energy (ATP) |
| Plant Cell Wall Functions | - Maintain cell's shape - Allow high pressure to build without bursting - High pressure prevents excessive water intake by osmosis - High pressure makes cell almost rigid, helps support plant |
| Functions of Glycoproteins in Animal Cells | - Supports single layers of thin cells, which might otherwise tear or perforate - Cell to cell adhesion |
| The Cell Cycle | Interphase, Growth 2 (G2), Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Growth 1 (G1) |
| Mitosis | The process by which a eukaryotic cell's nucleus divides to form two genetically identical nuclei |
| Binary Fission | The process by which prokaryotic cells divide |
| Cytokinesis | The process of dividing the cytoplasm to form two cells |
| Uses of Mitosis | - During growth - During embryonic development - When tissue is damaged and needs repairing - Asexual reproduction |
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