evolution
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60 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 evolution | change over time |
| theory | well supported testable explanation of phenomena that have occurred in nature |
| Charles Darwin | credited with the Theory of Evolution |
| natural selection | mechanism for evolution- survival of the fittest |
| Fitness | ability of an individual to survive and reproduce in its environment |
| Adaptations | inherited characteristics that increase an organism's chance of survival in it's environment -adaptations can be physical or behavioral |
| -mimicry | adaptation that provides protection for an organism by copying the physical appearance of another species |
| camouflage | adaptation that allows an organism to blend in to its surroundings |
| Fossil record | rock layers from different time periods show change in species over tim |
| Convergent evolution | Unrelated/distantly related organisms evolve similar traits due to living in similar environments |
| Homologous structures | structures with different mature forms in different organisms but developed from the same embryonic tissues (result of divergent evolution) |
| -Vestigial structures | traces of homologous structures in other organisms |
| Directional selection | individuals at one end of curve have higher fitness than individuals at other end or in the middle |
| Stabilizing selection | selection-individuals near the center of the curve have higher fitness. Center of curve stays at its current position but curve narrows |
| Disruptive selection | individuals at ends of curve have higher fitness than those in the middle. Extremes are more fit than those in middle of curve |
| Sexual selection | selection based on variation in secondary sex characteristics |
| -sexual dimorphism | distinction between secondary sex characteristics of males and females |
| Genetic Drift | random change in allele frequency |
| Founder Effect | situation in which allele frequencies change as a result of the migration of a small subgroup of a population to a new habitat and a certain allele is more prevalent in this new founding population |
| Speciation | formation of new species |
| Reproductive isolation- | when members of two populations cannot interbreed and produce fertile offspring. Happens as new species evolve. |
| behavioral isolation | when differences in behavior (ex-courtship rituals) keep species from reproducing. |
| geographic isolation | two populations are separated by geographic barriers such as rivers or mountains. |
| temporal isolation | two or more species reproduce at different times. |
| islands that Charles Darwin visited | Galapagos Islands |
| Darwin's book | On the Origin of Species |
| parts in Darwin's theory of Evolution | 1. Individuals in a population have variation 2. populations remain stable in size 3. organisms compete for resources 4. variations lead to advantages and disadvantages 5. natural selection (characteristics that allow them to survive and reproduce are passed on to offspring 6. species change over time (new species arrive and old ones dissappear) 7. process of evolution can only be observed in populations over many generations |
| variation | differences in genes |
| resources that organisms compete for | food, water, space, shelter, mates |
| evidence of evolution | fossil record convergent evolution similarities in embryonic development genetic comparisons artificial selection homologous structures |
| example of convergent evolution | penguin flippers and porpoise flippers |
| homologous structures | structures with same basic bones but they are used for different purposes |
| example of homologous structures | mouse, human, and bat forelimbs |
| vestigial structures | do not hurt an organisms chance of survival so there is no selection pressure for it to dissappear, but there is no use for it anymore |
| example of vestigial structures | human appendix. there is no use for it any more. |
| artificial selection | man selects for desired traits |
| adaptive radiation | evolution of ancestral species into a bunch of different species |
| coevolution | two closely related species evolve together in response to changes in each other over time |
| example of coevolution | flowering plants and specific pollinators. |
| Skeletal system | supports the body protects internal organs allows for movement stores minerals where blood cells are formed |
| Nervous system | responsible for body's response to environmental stimuli |
| Circulatory system | delivers oxygen and nutrients to cells and removes waste from cells. It fights infection and helps regulate body temperature. |
| Immune system | protects against disease |
| Digestive system | breaks down food, absorbs nutrients, and eliminates solid waste. |
| Muscular system | allows for voluntary movement, circulates blood, and moves food through the digestive system |
| Respiratory system | provides oxygen to cells and removes carbon dioxide from cells. |
| Integumentary system | barrier against infection. It also helps regulate body temperature. |
| Endocrine system | controls growth, development and metabolism |
| Reproductive system | produces reproductive cells females- eggs males- sperm |
| Excretory system | eliminates waste from the body |
| system that protects internal organs | skeletal |
| system that responds to visual stimuli | nervous system |
| system that includes heart, blood vessels, and blood | circulatory system |
| system that breaks down food | digestive system |
| type of muscle that allows voluntary movement | skeletal muscle |
| system that includes the nose and trachea | respiratory system |
| system that helps regulate body temperature | integumentary system |
| system that involve hormones | endocrine system |
| which system eliminates SOLID waste | digestive system |
| which system eliminates LIQUID waste | excretory system |
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