| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Wernicke's encephalopathy | from ACUTE thiamine deficiency, almost exclusively in ALCOHOLICS; hemorrhagic, cystic mamillary bodies |
| Wernicke's encephalopathy | characterized by Mental confusion, Ophthalmoplegia, Ataxia, Nystagmus (MOAN) |
| Korsakoff's syndrome | chronic manifestation of thiamine deficiency; characterized by confabulation and retrograde amnesia (still alert, active)- irreversible |
| Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome | medical emergency, treat with IV thiamine |
| thiamine | cofactor for 3 enzymes: PDH complex, ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, transketolase - affects mamillary bodies b/c they have lots of transketolase |
| pernicious anemia | in elderly population, due to vitB12 deficiency; neurologic symptoms- ataxia, numbness, LE tingling, +/- weakness, dementia |
| pernicious anemia | grossly: atrophic posterior and lateral columns; micro: vacuolation, swelling of myelin; thoracic -> cervical |
| subacute combined degeneration | involvement of both ascending and descending tracts (ascending post. columns, descending pyramidal tracts- ant., lat. columns) in presence of vitB12 deficiency |
| vitamin B12 | humans are unable to synthesize this, but require it as a coenzyme to form succinyl CoA, methionine |
| vitamin B12 | when this is deficient, get a buildup of methylmalonate and propionate -> abnormal fatty acids -> weak myelin -> breakdown |
| folate | deficiency of this -> risk factor in development of neural tube defects during gestation |
| niacin | deficiency of this -> pellagra: Dermatitis, Diarrhea, Dementia; neuronal enlargement and chromatolysis in cortical and basal ganglia neurons |
| hypoglycemia | loss of neurons in the pyramidal layer of the hippocampus in layers III-V; prolonged -> necrosis |
| hyperglycemia | associated with hyperosmolar coma, diabetic ketoacidosis -> confusion, stupor, coma (not permanent) |
| hepatic encephalopathy | clinical: complication of liver failure, disturbance in consciousness, seizures, asterixis, rigidity and hyperreflexia |
| hepatic encephalopathy | pathologically, see alzheimer type II astrocytosis, cerebral edema |
| hepatic encephalopathy | this results from non-detoxification of blood, impaired processing of endogenous metabolites -> accumulation and CNS utilization of false NTs |
| ammonia | neurotoxic metabolite that leads to encephalopathy when liver is bad |
| cerebral pontine myelinolysis | clinical: alcoholics, severe electrolyte disturbances, hyponatremia, RAPID CORRECTION of hyponatremia, delirium, quadriparesis |
| cerebral pontine myelinolysis | pathology: DEMYELINATION of cerebral basis pontis -> wedge of gray discoloration; intact axons, macrophages to eat myelin |
| carbon monoxide | show necrosis of MEDIAL lentiform nuclei/GP |
| methanol | present with CNS depression, blindness, metabolic acidosis; toxicity to retinal ganglion cells; necrosis of bilateral putamina and claustra LATERALLY |
| ethanol | long term effects: cerebellar degenration, peripheral neuropathy, rhabdomyolysis, fetal alcohol syndrome, Marchiafava-Bignami syndrome, nutritional deficiencies |
| alcoholic cerebellar degeneration | ataxia, unsteady gait, nystagmus; ant/sup degeneration of vermis, folia atrophy, sulcal widening |
| rhabdomyolysis | generally occurs after BINGE drinking; +/- seizures; kill skeletal muscle cells |
| Marchiafava-Bignami syndrome | demyelination of brain resulting from long term ethanol use |
| radiation | clinical: increased ICP -> headache, nausea, vomiting, papilledema |
| radiation | pathology: coagulative necrosis, vasogenic edema; necrosis of white matter (fibrinoid necrosis of vessel walls) |
| radiation | delayed manifestations: meningiomas, sarcomas, gliomas; often combined with methotrexate toxicity |
| methotrexate | toxicity combined with radiation, months after administration; necrosis involves periventricular white matter |
| lead | CNS involvement esp. in kids: encephalopathy; in adults: peripheral neuropathy -> WRIST and FOOT DROP |
| lead | pathology: marked edema, gyral flattening, sulcal obliteration; demyelination, cortical neuronal loss, diffuse gliosis |
Combine with other sets
Share on Facebook
Share on MySpace