Movement Sci II Test 1
About this set
Created by:
michaelbeaker on May 17, 2011
Subjects:
motor learning, motor control, posture control
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90 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Biomechanical Constraints | constraints for standing balance include the quality of the base of foot support (item 1), geometric postural alignment (item 2), functional ankle and hip strength (force-generating capacity) for standing (items 3 and 4), and ability to rise from the floor to a standing position (item 5). |
| Stability Limits/Verticality | internal representation of how far the body can move over its base of support before changing the support or losing balance, as well as an internal perception of postural vertical |
| Anticipatory Postural Adjustments | tasks that require an active movement of the body's center of mass in anticipation of a postural transition from one body position to another |
| Postural Responses | responses include both in-place and compensatory stepping responses to an external perturbation induced by the examiner's hands using the unique "push and release" technique. |
| Sensory Orientation | identifies any increase in body sway during stance associated with altering visual or surface somatosensory information for control of standing balance |
| Stability in Gait | evaluation of balance during gait and when balance is challenged during gait by changing gait speed by head rotations, by pivot turns, and by stepping over obstacles. |
| BERG | Tests all parameters of the BEST test |
| Tinetti | Tests all parameters of the BEST test except stability in gait |
| TUG | Tests only anticipatory postural adjustments, and stability in gait. |
| TUG results indicating fall risk | -Sit to stand >4sec -10ft walk >or = 6 sec -180degree turn > 2 sec or >= to 4 steps unsteady and hesitant Low: <= 12sec Moderate 13-20sec High 21-29 Very high >= 30sec |
| Tinetti | Risk For Falling: < 19 High 19 to 23, Increased Risk of Falling > 24, Low Risk of Falling |
| BERG fall risk results | score < 44 indicates fall risk > 47 no risk max score 56 |
| the BESTest | consists of 27 tasks, with some items consisting of 2 of 4 subitems (eg, for left and right sides), for a total of 36 items. Each item is scored on a 4-level, ordinal scale from 0 (worst performance) to 3 (best performance). Scores for the total test, as well as for each section, are provided as a percentage of total points |
| Factors affecting Movement | task, environment, individual |
| Individual (factor of mvmt) | Describes complex interactions btwn CNS processing and motor recruitment to generate action. Must perceive that an action is needed, have intact CNS pathways to relay info, and cognitive ability (and motivation) to create movement (involves coordination too). |
| Task (factor of mvmt) | Can be discrete (having definite start and end pts) or continuous (you decide when to start & stop). Can have stable or moving BoS. Can be open (need to adapt to changing environment) or closed (no response or change in environment) |
| Environment (factor of mvmt) | Regulatory features are aspects of the environment that shape the movement (The weight and size of and object) Non-regulatory features are aspects of the environment that may affect the performance of the movement but are not specific to the movement itself (Background noise and distractions). |
| Open Task | Move and respond to ever changing environment, need for adaptation (soccer). |
| Closed Task | Stable and non changing environment (free throw). |
| Theories of Motor Control | Reflex theory Hierarchial theory Motor programming theory Systems theory Dynamic action theory Ecological theory |
| Reflex Theory | Reflexes are described as the building blocks of motor behaviors Receptor, conductor effector model of movement - movement needs a sensory stimulus Clinical contributions: Patient's movement behavior is interpreted based on the presence or absence of controlling reflexes Retraining functional skills focus on enhancing or reducing the effect of reflexes during motor tasks 1st theory developed, based on afferent input and created response that results Step on fork creates pain so you withdraw foot Must have a stimulus and sensory input to get motor output but we know this is not always true because you can cognitively create motor output |
| Hierarchical Theory | Based on theory that the CNS and spinal cord have a top down organization control of movement -if you have an insult to an area then you see reappearance of primitive reflexes or your higher level responses disappear, explains the loss of righting reactions or protective response in CVA pts *Brainstem and spinal cord - primitive reflex *Midbrain - righting reactions (keep head oriented vertically in response to shift of COM) *Cortex - equilibrium reactions |
| Motor programming theory | Involves the concept of a central motor program with or without sensory input Central pattern generator Abstract motor program Clinical implications Interventions focus on retraining movements that are important for the task. -Innate maps that teach us to move and as we get older we refine the maps and get better coordination. Writing with left and right hand handwriting still looks the same because you recall a pattern. Retrain the motor map by practicing the task not strengthening muscles needed to do the task. |
| Systems theory | We don't have enuff space so we don't need a hardwired map detailed with every movement but rather we have a synergy of motion that guides diff motions not specific maps for each motion. Its not just a brain, you have to have musculoskeletal and cardiopulm sys working to contribute to motion The body is viewed as a mechanical system that is subject to external and internal forces Synergies of motion help to reduce the degrees of freedom associated with muscle activation and joint motion (700 functional muscles control about 110 elemental movements) Clinical implications: Identifies how both musculoskeletal impairments (loss of available motion, muscle weakness, etc) and CNS coordination contribute to and can affect movement. |
| Dynamic action theory | Based on the principle of "self-organization". Changes in movement patterns occur due to a control parameter (critical change in one of the systems) and not necessarily directed by commands from the CNS The ability to shift from preferred patterns of movement or 'attractor states' are based on the stability of the 'attractor well'. Says synergy is not at all hard wired, the coordination btwn the axons and dendrites only exists to complete the task and then diminishes. A temporary coordination of synergy of motion that changes based on task, does not believe a pattern continues to exist...does not explain the cat walking on treadmill with cord cut. |
| 2 current theories of mvmt | Motor program concept: All movements are preplanned and stored in memory Pre-organized set of movement commands that can be performed without influence of peripheral feedback Central pattern generators in spinal cord (respiration, gait) Feedforward adjustments Dynamical systems concept: based on the self-organization of coordinated structures that are soft-assembled to achieve a goal Coordinated structures are functional linked but not necessarily mechanically linked |
| Bottom Line about MVMT | movement results from a dynamic interplay between the perception of sensory information, the processing through the CNS, and then the appropriate recruitment of muscles to generate the response Groups of cells (not single cells) are the main units of activity in the nervous system Functional synergies (not single muscles) are the main units of movement The control of movement is distributed Changes or disruption to any of these components can potentially affect the ability to generate and coordinate movement |
| Aspects of Motor Control | -Sensory contributions Vision,Vestibular,Somatosensory -Central processing (input, coord, output signals) -Motor contributions (physical units) Motor unit activation,Muscle mass, ROM |
| Muscle Spindle | Consist of intrafusal fibers (nuclear bag and chain), sensory neuron endings (Ia and II), and gamma motor neuron endings Detect both static and dynamic changes in muscle length |
| Monosynaptic Reflex | Tendon tap, tests integrity of the spinal cord. Brisk response = CNS damage. Diminished = PNS |
| Peripheral Receptors (Joints) | Sends afferent information to the CNS contributing to perception of body position Composed of Ruffini-type endings, Paciniform endings, ligament receptors, and free nerve endings |
| Peripheral Receptors (Cutaneous) | Mechanoreceptors Pacinian corpuscles, Merkel's discs, Meissner's corpuscles, Ruffini endings, and lanceolate endings around hair follicles Thermoreceptors Nociceptors Input generates reflexive motor activation Provides input to CNS on body position |
| Ascending Pathways | -Dorsal column-medial lemniscal system Send proprioceptive info, touch and pressure to somatosensory cortex and higher brain centers -Anterolateral system Consists of the spinothalamic, spinoreticular, and spinomesencephalic tracts Transmits info on crude touch and pressure, temperature and pain to the CNS |
| Golgi Tendon Organs | Located at the musculotendinous junction The Ib afferent fibers have no direct efferent connection and are not subject to CNS modulation Sensitive to 'tension' changes from either a muscle stretch or contraction Disynaptic reflex (inhibits agonist and excites antagonist) Thought to modulate muscle output in response to fatigue |
| Sensory Contributions to MVMT | stimulate reflexive movements (spinal cord level of processing) Plays a role in modulating motor output through feedback Topographical maps are not hard-wired and can potentially re-organize (thus chronic pain can change homunculus) |
| Hierarchical processing: (signal processing) | Higher brain centers integrate and interpret sensory information, then form motor plans and strategies for action Lower levels of processing monitor the detail and regulate the motor response |
| Parallel distributed (signal processing): | The signal is processed simultaneously in multiple brain structures On a cellular level an example would be spatial summation (multiple pathways affecting the same neuron) |
| Brainstem | Contains important nuclei involved in postural control and gait Vestibular nuceli Red nucleus Reticular nuclei (arousal and awareness) All descending motor pathways originate here except the corticospinal tract Nuclei control motor output of the neck, face, and eyes Receives proprioceptive information from the head, in addition to the vestibular and visual systems |
| Cerebellum | Receives inputs from the spinal cord and cerebral cortex and has outputs to the brainstem Updates movement commands, regulating movement force and range by comparing intended output with sensory signals Involved in motor learning |
| Diencephalon | Made up of the thalamus and hypothalamus Thalamus receives information from the ascending somatosensory tracts and is considered a major processing center of the brain |
| Basal Ganglia | Receives input from the cerebral cortex sending output to the motor cortex via the thalamus Involved in planning of motor strategies |
| Cerebral Cortex | Based on the sensory map detected, the premotor area sends a movement plan to the motor cortex The motor cortex sends the appropriate motor commands to the brainstem and spinal cord Parietal and premotor areas are involved in the identification of a target and then choosing a course of action |
| Monosynaptic stretch reflex | reflex (myotatic reflex) Response occurs within 30 to 50 ms Involves the muscle spindle, gamma loop, and muscle |
| Long Loop reflex | (transcortical stretch reflex) Response occurs within 50 to 80 ms Involves the muscle spindle, CNS (cortex/cerebellum), and muscle |
| Triggered reactions | reactions (prestructured, coordinated reactions) Response time 80 to 120 ms Involves various receptors, CNS processing, and multiple muscle response |
| Reaction Time | Response occurs within 120 to 180 ms Involves various receptors, CNS processing, and various muscle response |
| Types of Feedback Responses | Monosynaptic Stretch Reflex, Long Loop Reflex, Triggered Rxns, Reaction Time |
| Feedforward Responses | Open loop systems, Involves the delivery of information to some other part of the system to 'prepare it' for incoming sensor information serving a role in error detection and correction (anticipation of error or need) Prediction of consequences of a motor command based on a "learned script" Constantly modified with experience |
| Strength | ability to generate tension in a muscle resulting from muscuolskeletal properties and neural activation |
| Paralysis /paresis | inability or difficulty in recruiting skeletal motor units |
| Muscle stiffness | The neural drive (stiffness of muscle) and contractility, aka the tone of the muscle |
| Spasticity | velocity-dependent increase in tonic stretch reflexes resulting in hyper excitability of the stretch reflex |
| Rigidity | resistance to passive movement independent of the velocity of stretch Lead pipe: constant resistance to movement throughout entire ROM Cogwheel: alternating episodes of resistance and relaztion |
| Range of muscle tone | Flaccidity--> hypotonia--> normal-->spasticity--> rigidity |
| Activation and sequencing problems:Abnormal synergies | Stereotypical patters of movement that cannot be changed or adapted to changes in task or environmental demands |
| Tremor | rhythmic involuntary oscillatory movement of a body part (parkinsons) |
| Choreiform movements: | involuntary, rapid, irregular and jerky movements that result from basal ganglia lesions |
| Athetoid Movements | slow involuntary writhing and twisting movements (clinical feature of some forms of CP) |
| cognition | ability to process, sort, retrieve, and manipulate information (you can have a cognitive impairment of NS vs. a perceptual impairment) |
| Body scheme | awareness of body parts and their relationship to one another and the environment |
| Perception | integration of sensory impressions into psychologically meaningful information |
| Mental Motor Imagery | . The ability to rehearse mentally complex motor tasks is preserved after CVA. b. Motor imagery is maintained even when voluntary movements are not possible in persons with SCI. c. Motor imagery ability is reduced by lack of movement after the loss of limb in persons with amputations. Prosthetic use helps in maintaining the mental representation of the missing limb. |
| Megan Umberger | Crazy Ass Cracka |
| Postural Stability | The ability to control the center of mass within the base of support, balance |
| Postural Control | Controlling the body's position in space to maintain stability and orientation Utilizes information from gravity (vestibular system), the support surface (somatosensory system), and the relationship of the body to the environment (visual system) Every task has an orientation component and a stability component No longer considered a set of righting and equilibrium reflexes Now viewed as a complex motor skill derived from the interaction of multiple sensorimotor processes |
| Goals of postural control | Postural orientation Postural equilibrium |
| postural orientation | active control of body alignment and tone in relation to the environment, vertical alignment |
| postural equilibrium | coordination of sensorimotor strategies to stabilize the COM during disturbances |
| Subcomponents of the postural system | Biomechanical constraints Movement Strategies Sensory Strategies Orientation in space Control of Dynamics Cognitive Processing |
| Biomechanical Constraints 2 | Determined by the size of the BOS and the limitations on joint ROM, muscle strength, and sensory information available to detect and perceive the limits CNS has an internal representation of this cone of stability Inaccurate central representation could lead to postural instability Individuals with an increased fall risk tend to have small limits of stability |
| Muscle Tone | Stiffness, or the resistance to stretch Both nonneural and neural mechanisms contribute to muscle tone/stiffness |
| Postural Tone | Increased activity in antigravity postural muscles that counteract the force of gravity |
| Proximal Muscle Weakness | increases risk for falls due to inability to correct with external perturbation |
| Distal Muscle Weakness | there is an increased risk of stumbling, but can usually recover balance |
| Ankle Strategy | . Should be able to stand unilaterally for 30sec with using only ankle strategy. For ex: in a cone of stability you would provoke them in the middle of the cone for ankle strategy so that COM is well within BOS, so it must be a small slow perturbation which can just be minimizing base of support.When weight shifts, gastrocs (with forward sway), ant tib with backward sway, BoS is FIXED. If pts bends knees this is an improper strategy. |
| Hip Strategy | Movement of COM to edge of cone of stability, caused by a larger, faster unexpected perturbation. These perturbations occur in the sagittal plane. A perturbation in the frontal plane would not employ these strategies, it would just use a hip control ab/adductors. BoS is FIXED. |
| ML strategies | Muscle activation at the hip and trunk assist in controlling ML perturbations Loading of one LE with unloading of the other Muscle responses are organized in a proximal to distal fashion (hip first) Head movements occur in the opposite direction of hip and ankle |
| AP strategies | synergies as originally defined are part of a more global modifiable diagonal synergy |
| Sensory Strategies | During the day (well-lit) on a stable surface, a healthy individual relies on input as follows: Somatosensory (70%) Vision (10%) Vestibular (20%)\ Subjects re-weight their dependence on each sensory system depending on the environment Limitations in the ability to re-weight increase risk for falls |
| Cognitive processing | The more difficult the postural task, the more cognitive processing is required Attention: the information-processing capacity of an individual If two tasks are performed together and require more than the total information-processing capacity, performance of either one or both tasks will be negatively affected |
| Orientation in Space | orient body with respect to gravity and support surface, healthy ppl detect vertical within 1 degree of error, there can be a diff btwn visual vertical and postural vertical if impairment exists. |
| Type of practice best for continuous tasks | distributed practice- helpful due to fatigue factors, complex tasks, or low level motivation |
| Type of practice best for discrete tasks | massed |
| Progressive part practice | practicing first part until relatively mastered and then adding on the second part, practicing them now as one unit. good for slower serial skills of long duration or high complexity. |
| Whole part practice | should be used when a task is highly organized and relatively low complexity, good for rapid discrete skills and continuous tasks as well |
| Rather than say "next time do this...not that"... | provide responsive or content rather than corrective feedback ask "what do you need to do to make it work?" |
| instantaneous feedback | reduces motivation to determine information and discourages processing of other kinds of information that would contribute to error detection...so reduce frequency of feedback to promote motor learning |
| Effects of aging on learning | deficit in skill learning in aging seems to be related to a deficit in perceptual organization and reorganization, so learning occurs slower but in same manner as younger adults |
| Effect of CVA on learning | that unilateral brain damage does not affect processes underlying motor skill learning, but more those processes underlying sensorimotor control, pts learn better with random practice than blocked. |
| Effects of Parkinson's on learning | None, only problems initiating mvmts. |
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