Science EOG Vocabulary Review
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Created by:
mvuncannon on May 18, 2011
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Classes:
EOG review, Harnett County Science Teachers
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122 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Universal Solvent | the quality of water that makes it able to dissolve more substances than any other solvent can |
| Surface Tension | the tightness across the surface of water that is caused by the polar molecules pulling on one another |
| Cohesion | The tendency of water molecules to stick to each other. |
| Adhesion | the tendency of water to stick to other substances |
| Polarity | enables many substances to dissolve in water |
| Density | the amount of matter in a given space; mass per unit volume |
| Specific Heat | amount of heat required to increase the temperature of water |
| River Basin | the area drained by a river and its tributaries |
| Watershed | the area of land that is drained by a water system |
| Tributary | small river or stream that flows into a large river or stream; a branch of the river |
| Groundwater | water that fills the cracks and spaces in underground soil and rock layers |
| Aquifer | underground bed or layer yielding ground water for wells and springs etc |
| Estuary | the area where a freshwater stream or river merges with the ocean. Often a nursery for young. |
| Open Ocean Zone | the area of the ocean beyond the edge of the continental shelf. Most diverse organisms live near the surface. |
| Hydrothermal vents | spots on the ocean floor where hot gases and minerals escape from earth's interior into the water |
| Plankton | Tiny algae and animals that float in water and are carried by waves and currents |
| Nekton | free-swimming animals that can move throughout the water column |
| Benthos | organisms that live on the bottom of the ocean or other body of water; bottom-dwellers |
| Upwelling | the movement of deep, cold, and nutrient-rich water to the surface |
| SONAR | A device that determines the distance of an object under water by recording echoes of sound waves |
| Submersible | an underwater vehicle built of strong materials to resist pressure at depth |
| Terrestrial | term that describes an organism that lives on land |
| Aquatic | term that describes an organism that lives in water |
| Autotroph | an organism that makes its own food |
| Heterotroph | organisms that cannot make their own food and must feed on other organisms for energy and nutrients |
| Dissolved Oxygen | oxygen dissolved in water, dissolved oxygen is important for fish and other aquatic animals |
| pH | a measure of how acidic or basic a solution is |
| Turbidity | a measure of the clarity of the water (how clear is it?) High turbidity= dirty water |
| Nitrates | nitrogen compounds used for growth by plants and algae |
| Bio-indicators | organisms that are used to assess the health of a water system. The larger variety of bio-indicators the healthier the water is. |
| Point Source Pollution | Pollutants discharged from a single identifiable location (e.g., pipes, ditches, channels, sewers, tunnels, containers of various types). |
| Non-point Source Pollution | Pollution that enters a body of water from a large area, such as lawns, construction sites, and roads. |
| Synthetic | Prepared or created artificially man-made, not found in nature |
| Elements | simple substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances |
| Molecule | two or more atoms held together by bonds |
| Period | Horizontal row on the Periodic Table |
| Group | vertical column on the Periodic Table; elements in the column share similar properties; also known as a Family |
| Family | vertical column on the Periodic Table; elements in the column share similar properties; also knows as a Group |
| Conductivity | the ability of a material to allow either heat or electricity to flow through it |
| Magnetism | Attraction between opposite poles |
| Solubility | the ability to dissolve in another substance |
| Malleability | the ability of a substance to be hammered or beaten into thin sheets |
| Boiling point | the temperature at which a substance changes from a liquid to a gas |
| Melting point | the temperature below which a solid turns into a liquid |
| Reactivity | the ability of a substance to combine chemically with another substance |
| Volume | The amount of space something occupies |
| Mass | Measure of the amount of matter in a substance |
| Precipitate | A solid that is produced as a result of a chemical reaction in solution |
| Law of Conservation of Matter (Mass) | The law that states that mass is neither created nor destroyed in ordinary chemical and physical changes. |
| Anti-Viral Medication | any drug that is used to control the spread of a viral disease |
| Antibiotic | medicine that kills or slows the growth of bacteria |
| Vaccine | substance prepared from killed or weaken viruses and introduced into a body to produce immunity to the virus |
| Geologic Time Scale | Earth's history organized into four eras: Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic |
| Index Fossil | fossils of widely distributed organisms that lived during only one short period |
| Law of Superposition | in undisturbed rock layers, the oldest rocks are on the bottom and the youngest rocks are on the top |
| Unconformity | gap in the rock layer that is due to erosion or periods without any deposition |
| Extinction | no longer in existence |
| Evolution | gradual change over time |
| Cell | basic unit of structure and function in living things |
| Cell theory | states that all organisms are made up of one or more cells, the cell is the basic unit of life, and all cells come from other cells |
| Unicellular | having only one cell |
| Multicellular | organisms composed of many cells |
| Prokaryote | single-celled organism lacking a nucleus |
| Eukaryote | organism whose cells contain nucleus |
| Photosynthesis | the process by which plants capture energy in sunlight and uses it to make food |
| Respiration | the process by which cells obtain energy |
| Flagella | whiplike structures used for movement in bacteria or protists |
| Pathogen | any microbe (virus, bacteria, fungus or organism) that can cause a disease |
| Salinity | the amount of salt in water, measure of salt in water |
| Virus | a tiny, nonliving particle that invades and then reproduces inside a living cell |
| Bacteria | tiny one-celled organisms that lack a nucleus, some of which can cause diseases; all bacteria are prokaryotes |
| Parasite | an organism that lives on or in a host and causes it harm |
| Contagion | an infectious disease that can be transmitted or spread from one organism to another |
| Mutagen | anything that causes a mutation or change in DNA |
| Carrier | a person who has some pathogen to which he is immune but who can pass it on to others |
| Vector | animal that carries pathogens from person to person |
| Anti-microbial | capable of destroying or inhibiting the growth of disease-causing microorganisms |
| Biotechnology | A form of technology that uses living organisms, usually genes, to modify products, to make or modify plants and animals, or to develop other microorganisms for specific purposes. |
| Adaptation | a trait that helps an organism survive in a particular environment |
| Analogous Structures | body parts of different organisms that perform similar functions but do not have similar structures (does not support theory of a common ancestor) |
| Homologous Structures | body parts of different organisms that have a similar structure but not necessarily a similar function (supports theory of evolution from a common ancestor) |
| Competition | the struggle between individuals of the same or different species for food, space, light, etc. |
| Pure Substance | matter that has the same chemical composition throughout and cannot be separated into its parts by physical means; examples: elements and compounds |
| Renewable Energy Source | a source of energy that can be replace as it is used or that cannot be used up; examples: solar, wind, hydro, geothermal energy |
| Nonrenewable Energy Source | a source of energy that is used much faster than it can be replaced; examples: fossil fuels (oil, coal, natural gas) and uranium (nuclear energy) |
| Ice Cores | a cylinder of ice removed from an ice sheet (glacier) that helps scientists understand past CLIMATES and how ATMOSPHERIC conditions have changed over time |
| Mutualism | a symbiotic relationship between two organisms in which both organisms benefit; example: clown fish and sea anemone |
| Parasitism | a symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is harmed; example: dog and heartworms |
| Epidemic | an outbreak of a disease that affects many people in an area |
| Pandemic | an epidemic that spreads over a large area, or throughout the world |
| Mixture | matter made up of two or more substances that are not joined chemically |
| Heterogeneous Mixture | a mixture in which substances are not distributed evenly; example: a salad, pepperoni pizza, dirt |
| Homogeneous Mixture | a mixture in which substances are evenly distributed; example: a solution, milk, sugar water |
| Natural Selection | the process by which organisms that are best suited to a particular environment survive and reproduce most successfully |
| Algal Bloom | an extremely rapid growth of algae caused by too many nutrients (nitrates & phosphates) in the water |
| Physical Property | a characteristic of a substance that can be observed directly (what you see, what you feel, what you smell) or can be measured with a tool without changing the identity of the substance |
| Chemical Property | a characteristic of a substance that cannot be observed without changing the identity of the substance |
| Compound | a pure substance that forms when two or more elements join chemically in a fixed proportion |
| Chemical Change | a change that occurs when one or more substances change into entirely new substances with different properties |
| Physical Change | a change in a substance that does not involve a change in the identity of the substance |
| Atomic Number | the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. Found in top of element box. |
| Atomic Mass | total mass of the protons and neutrons in an atom, measured in atomic mass units. Found at the bottom of element box. |
| Water | H2O |
| Carbon Dioxide | CO2 |
| Sucrose | C12H22O11 |
| Table Salt | NaCl |
| Bleach | NaClO |
| Hydrochloric Acid | HCl |
| Ammonia | NH3 |
| Vinegar | HC2H3O2 |
| Acid | Less than 7 on the pH scale |
| Base | Greater than 7 on the pH scale |
| Neutral | 7 on the pH scale |
| Alvin | Submersible that is famous for many expeditions. Especially working on Titanic and hydrothermal vents. |
| Trilobite | Index fossil. A group of hard-shelled animals whose body had three sections, lived in shallow seas, and became extinct about 245 million years ago. |
| Radiometric (Radioactive) Dating | a method to determine how old a fossil is in years by using radioactive elements called isotopes (Carbon-14) |
| Limiting Factors | Anything that limits (restricts) the size of a population |
| Biotic Factors | living things in an ecosystem, such as bacteria, fungi, plants and animals |
| Abiotic Factors | nonliving things in an ecosystem, such as water, temperature, sunlight, pH, nutrients, etc. |
| Symbiosis | the relation between two different species of organisms that are interdependent |
| Commensalism | symbiotic relationship in which one member of the association benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed |
| transitional fossil | Fossil that bears a resemblance to two groups that in present day are classified seperately. |
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