Mr. Lepley's Biology Honors Period 3- Virus, Bacteria, Immune System Test
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14cscalfano on May 18, 2011
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46 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 For how many years has life existed on earth? | 3.5 billion years |
| Why was the early surface of the earth hostile to modern life? | Extremely high temperatures, CO2-rich atmosphere, lots of UV radiation |
| First organisms on earth | anaerobes |
| Origins of oxygen gas | photosynthesis, breakdown of water, cyanobacteria |
| How much oxygen was in the earliest atmosphere? | very little or none at all |
| Cyanobacteria | photosynthetic autotrophs |
| Kingdom that evolved into plants on the phylogenic tree | ... |
| Decomposers | bacteria that break down nutrients in dead matter into simpler substances |
| Role of bacteria in the environment | Recycling nutrients, Bioremediation, fermentation, pasteurization, cleaning up oils pills |
| Bacterial toxins | cause food poisoning |
| Why can giving antibiotics to patients at the first sign of symptoms cause more problems for the patients? | The overuse of antibiotics can select for antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria. |
| Retrovirus | a virus with single-stranded RNA that acts as a template for DNA synthesis |
| What does reverse transcriptase do (retroviruses)? | It uses viral RNA as a template for DNA synthesis. |
| HIV/AIDS | RNA retrovirus, sexually transmitted disease, HIV causes AIDS, die from opportunistic infections |
| How does HIV cause AIDS? | By attacking and destroying helper T cells |
| Gram Staining | method used to tell what kind of cell wall a prokaryote has |
| Gram-Positive | no cell wall, turn purple with Gram stain |
| Gram-Negative | cell wall, turn pink with Gram stain |
| Where are instructions for making new copies of a virus coded? | either RNA or DNA |
| What do all viruses need to replicate? | a host cell (obligate intracellular parasites) |
| Endospores | allow bacteria to survive extreme conditions |
| Capsid | outer protein coat of a virus |
| Envelope | Viral structure outside of capsid ; made from host cell's membrane and has "spikes" embedded in it |
| Two ways viruses infect cells | Injection and Endocytosis |
| Lytic Cycle | Immediately after infection new virions are made using the host cell's enzymes and ribosomes and released after the cell lyses; spread to other cells, infect and kill them |
| Lysogenic Cycle | Viral DNA combines with host DNA to become a provirus and replicates, but does not produce virions; becomes dormant, then is activated and enters the lytic cycle |
| What happens when a person receives a vaccine? | Their body creates plasma cells that can produce antibodies against the specific pathogen. |
| Where does humoral immunity originate? | B cells |
| Germ Theory of Disease | Infectious diseases are caused by pathogens that spread disease from one organism to another |
| What causes infectious diseases? | Pathogens |
| Koch's Postulate | process to identify a specific pathogen for a disease |
| How can an infectious disease by transmitted? | inhalation, physical contact, ingesting contaminated water or food, bite from an infected animal |
| Fever | Interferes with metabolism of pathogens, results from systemic inflammatory response, helpful in curing a disease, dangerous if it gets too high (protein denaturation) |
| Body's Defense Against Infections | Physical & chemical barriers, Internal non-specific defenses, Immunity |
| Physical & Chemical Barriers | skin, mucus membranes ear wax, tears, saliva, sweat, stomach acid |
| Internal Non-specific Defenses | leukocytes, inflammatory response |
| Leukocytes | pathogen-destroying white blood cells (neutrophils, macrophages, natural killer cells) |
| Neutrophils | small, numerous, suicidal, phagocytic leukocytes |
| Macrophages | large, few, phagocytic leukocytes |
| Natural Killer Cells | non-phagocytic, destroy infected body cells by rupturing their membrane, act as cancer survaillance |
| Inflammatory Response | ... |
| Interferons | ... |
| Immunity | resistance to a specific pathogen |
| Lymphocytes | ... |
| B cells | ... |
| T cells | ... |
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