Nutrition 1: Nutrition in Health and Disease
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26 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Healthy diet | results in absence of illness or discomfort, fitness, longevity, optimum health |
| Under-nutrition | low food intake |
| Specific deficiencies | imbalanced nutrient intake |
| Overweight/obesity | BMI > 25/>30 |
| Malnutrition | under-nutrition, specific deficiencies, overweight/obesity |
| Key variables that influence nutritional demands and the incidence and presence of diseases with a nutritional basis | stage of development (fetus->elderly), level of inflammatory stress, previous nutritional exposure in utero (fetal origins of adult disease), genotype |
| Defense for exposure to pathogens and toxins | immune system, antioxidant defenses, detoxification systems (efficiency declines with age -> activity of enzymes involved in xenobiotic detoxification systems declines with age) |
| Whole body protein synthesis | rate significantly declines from infancy to elderly -> impacts on speed of wound healing and recovery from infection |
| Level of inflammatory stress | interaction between nutritional status and effective operation of the immune system -> malnutrition leads to increased chances of dying from infection -> due to malfunctioning immune system -> inflammation plays significant role in morbidity and mortality in chronic diseases with a nutritional basis |
| Hypertension | does not involve the immune system (this could be false) but is influenced by nutrition |
| Chronic diseases | most involve immune system and mostly all are influenced by nutrition |
| Microbes | we are surrounded by these and our physiology is designed to resist them |
| Immune system | normal function is to detect and destroy pathogens, removing damaged tissue and bringing about wound healing |
| IL-1, IL-6, TNF-alpha | Effects of pro-inflammatory cytokines and inflammation in health and disease -> many types of injury produce a similar inflammation |
| Typical response of the body to infection or injury | immune system activation -> pro-inflammatory cytokines -> oxidants -> pathogen killing and tissue damage -> nutrients are released from host tissues (appetite loss) -> glutamine and glucose consumed by T and B cells (immuno-nutrition) |
| Glutamine | along with sulfur amino acids cause glutathione synthesis -> antioxidant defenses are strengthened to reduce tissue damage |
| TWEAK/Fn14 system | tissue remodeling |
| Feedback systems | IL10, heat shock proteins |
| Influence of infections and injury on metabolic rate | major injury (burns) or infection increase significantly, under-nutrition can decrease (weight loss >10% of body weight) |
| Body weight loss during fasting and following injury and infections of various intensity | although weight loss provides nutrition for the immune system during infection and injury -> there is a limit to weight loss and survival |
| Body cell mass | Survival curves of patients with HIV infection according to rate of loss of body protein content -> % of patients surviving decreases significantly with BCM <30% of body weight |
| Serum albumin | negative acute phase reactants -> when it is reduced when levels of inflammatory stress become raised -> One of the first indications that the immune system had a role in mortality from chronic diseases |
| HDL | as serum albumin it is a negative acute phase reactant and is reduced when inflammatory stress levels are increased |
| Monocytes | take up cholesterol and damaged lipoproteins -> die and deposit fat under lining of endothelial cells of the arteries -> all due to inflammation |
| Anti-inflammatory changes in lifestyle | Heart disease is caused by chronic inflammation and therefore this should be the focus |
| Inflammation (stimulated by pathogens, environmental factors and damaged tissue) | key task is to kill pathogens -> too much of this can cause mortality and morbidity -> can also cause insulin insensitivity (diabetes mellitus), hyperlipidemia, atherosclerosis (MI) |
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