7th Grade SJS History Finals Review Ch 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, and 29
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350 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 political machines | powerful organizations linked to political parties, they controlled local government in many cities |
| political boss | a machine representative that controlled jobs and services within a city |
| kickback | an arrangement in which contractors padded the amount of their bill for city work and paid, a percentage of that amount to the bosses |
| Boss Tweed | New York City's Democratic political machine in the 1960s and 1870s. |
| Tom Johnson | a successful civic reformer, mayor of Cleveland, Ohio, best governed city in U.S. |
| spoils system | rewarding political supporters with jobs and favors |
| patronage | the spoils system |
| civil service | the body of nonelected government workers |
| Pendleton Act | established the Civil Service Commission to set up competitive examinations for federal jobs |
| trusts | combinations of companies |
| Sherman Antitrust Act | first federal law to control trusts and monopolies, but used to fight against labor unions, not monopolies |
| oligopoly | a market structure in which a few large companies control the prices of the industry |
| Interstate Commerce Act | required railroads to charge "reasonable and just" rates and to publish those rates |
| Interstate Commerce Commission | a commission to supervise the railroad industry and late, the trucking industry |
| Grover Cleveland | became president in 1893 who supported lower tariffs |
| socialist | a person who believes a nation's resources and major industries should be owned and operated by the government on behalf of all the people not by individuals and private companies for their own profit |
| Eugene V. Debs | helped found the American Socialist Party in 1898 |
| progressives | a group of people who sought to reform government, to make it more efficient and able to resist the influence of powerful business interests, aimed to help those who lacked wealth and influence |
| muckrakers | journalists who "raked" (brought to light) the "muck" (dirt and corruption) underlying society |
| direct primary election | an election in which the state's voters are allowed to choose their party's candidates |
| initiative | allowed citizens to place a measure or issue on the ballot in a state election |
| referendum | gave voters the opportunity to accept of reject measures that the state legislature enacted |
| recall | enabled voters to removed unsatisfactory elected officials from their jobs |
| Seventeenth Amendment | provided for the direct election of senators |
| "new woman" | a popular term in the early 1900s for educated, up-to-date women who pursued interests outside their homes |
| National Association of Colored Women | founded in 1896, this women's club established homes for orphans, founded hospitals, and worked for woman suffrage |
| suffragists | men and women who fought for woman suffrage, or women's right to vote |
| National Woman Suffrage Association | women's club which called for a constitutional amendment allowing women to vote in national elections |
| Nineteenth Amendment | 1919 allowed women to vote |
| Women's Trade Union League | encouraged working women to form women's labor union. |
| prohibition | the passing of laws to prohibit the making or selling of alcohol |
| Carry Nation | destroyed taverns with a hatchet |
| Eighteenth Amendment | 1919, established prohibition |
| Theodore Roosevelt | became president when McKinley was assassinated in 1901, became president again in 1904 |
| trustbuster | Theodore Roosevelt was known as the ____________ because he broke up trusts |
| arbitration | settling the dispute by agreeing to accept the decision of an impartial outsider |
| United Mine Workers | 100,000 _________ ________ __________ went on strike in 1902. owners refused to negotiate w/ Roosevelt. agreed to arbitration. Mine workers won pay increase and reduction in hours, but not union recognition. |
| square deal | fair and equal treatment for all |
| laissez-faire | "let the people do as the choose" opposite of Theodore Roosevelt's square deal, which called for a considerable amount of government regulation |
| conservation | the protection and preservation of natural resources |
| U.S. Forest Service | Roosevelt set aside millions of acres of national forests and created the nation's first wildlife sanctuaries |
| Sixteenth Amendment | gave Congress the power to tax people's incomes to generate revenue for the federal government |
| Progressive Party | formed when Taft won out over Roosevelt for Republican nomination in 1912 |
| Bull Moose Party | nickname for the Progressive Party |
| Woodrow Wilson | Democrat who won out over Taft and Roosevelt due to split in Republican Party |
| Federal Reserve Act | Act regulating banking, created 12 regional banks supervised by a central board in DC |
| Federal Trade Commission | established to investigate corporations for unfair trade practices |
| Clayton Antitrust Act | joined Sherman Antitrust Act as one of the government's chief weapon's against trusts. |
| discrimination | unequal treatment because of their race, religion, ethnic background, or place of birth |
| Gentlemen's agreement | restricted Japanese immigration to the US but it did not bring an end to anti-Japanese feelings |
| Plessy v. Ferguson | case which recognized "separate but equal" facilities, Supreme Court upheld segregation |
| Ku Klux Klan | group that wanted to restore white, Protestant America |
| Booker T. Washington | founded the Tuskegee Institute in 1881, taught African Americans farming and industrial skills |
| National Negro Business League | founded by Booker T. Washington to promote business developments among African Americans |
| Ida B. Wells | African American editor who published names of people involved in a lynching. Started a national crusade against lynching. She wrote A Red Record. |
| George Washington Carver | African American who discovered uses for many plants |
| Society of American Indians | Native American leaders formed this to seek justice for NAs and to improve living conditions |
| mulualistas | self-defense associations formed by Mexicans |
| barrios | Mexican neighborhoods |
| isolationism | non involvement in world affairs |
| expansionism | expanding territory |
| Treaty of Kanagawa | Matthew Perry asked the Japanese to open up ports to trade and they did. |
| imperialism | a time when powerful European nations created large empires by exercising economic and political control over weaker regions |
| Alaska | Seward Purchased this territory in 1867, 1912 it became a territory of the U.S. |
| Queen Liliuokalani | new ruler of Hawaii wanted to rid Hawaii of American influence, white planters overthrew her and set up their own provisional government |
| provisional | temporary |
| annexation | The adding of a region to the territory of an existing political unit. |
| spheres of influence | sections of a country where each of the foreign nations enjoyed special rights and powers- used in China |
| Open Door Policy | used in China, under which each foreign nation in China could trade freely in the other nations' spheres of influence |
| Boxer Rebellion | when a secret Chinese martial arts society known and the Boxers led a violent uprising against the foreign 'devils' in China, afterwards came a second open door policy based on maintaining China's independence and respecting its borders |
| Treaty of Portsmouth | Japan got control of Korea in exchange for a pledge to stop expansion |
| Jose Marti | one of the heroes of the Cuban independence movement who fled to the U.S. to gather money, arms, and troops |
| yellow journalism | sensational, biased, and often false reporting |
| USS Maine | February 15, 1898, an enormous explosion shattered the ____________ killing 260 officers and crew members, Spain denied responsibility for explosion |
| Spanish-American War | On April 25, 1898, Congress declared war on Spain, fighting for Cuban independence |
| Rough Riders | Theodore Roosevelt led this group of former cowhands and college students that helped with the Battle of San Juan Hill |
| Platt Amendment | gave Cuba full independence, but the Cuba could not make treaties with other nations and it gave the U.S. control of a naval base at Guantanamo Bay. Also, the United States had the right to intervene in Cuban affairs if the country's independence was threatened. |
| armistice | peace agreement |
| isthmus | a narrow strip of land connecting two larger bodies of land |
| $40 million | amount America paid for the lease to build a canal in Panama from the French |
| Panama Canal | after Panama won its independence from Columbia, it granted the U.S. access to build the _________. It opened on August 15, 1914 |
| anarchy | disorder and lawlessness |
| Roosevelt Corollary | an addition to the Monroe Doctrine, this stated America's rights to act as a policeman in Latin American, intervening however reluctantly in cases of wrongdoing |
| dollar diplomacy | Taft's policy of linking American business interests to diplomatic interests abroad |
| moral diplomacy | Wilson's belief that it was America's job to help Latin American countries elect good leaders based on moral principles |
| Pancho Villa | Mexico's rebel leader who led an uprising against Carranza, the current leaders. He shot 16 Americans, but the U.S. did nothing until Villa crossed the border into New Mexico and burned the town of Columbus, killing 18 |
| John J. Pershing | General who went after Villa for a year in Mexico, but withdrew during WW1 |
| sugarcane | the crop that America introduced to Hawaii |
| Theodore Roosevelt | president that had the "big stick policy" |
| Taft | president who had dollar diplomacy |
| Wilson | president who had moral diplomacy |
| Franz Ferdinand | Austro-Hungarian archduke whose assassination was a cause of WW1 |
| nationalism | a feeling of intense loyalty to one's country or group |
| ethnic groups | people who shared a common language and traditions |
| militarism | policy of building up strong armed forces to prepare for war |
| alliance system | defense arrangements among nations |
| Triple Alliance | Austria-Hungary, Germany, and Italy before WW1 |
| entente | understanding among nations |
| Triple Entente | Great Britain, France, and Russia before WW1 |
| balance of power | a system that prevents any one country from dominating the others |
| Allied Powers | Great Britain, France, and Russia during WW1, later Italy and Japan too |
| Central Powers | Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Ottoman (Turkish) Empire during WW1 |
| Battle of the Marne | battle that saved Paris from invasion by the Germans and boosted French morale |
| trench warfare | war from inside trenches enemies would try killing eachother with machine guns and tanks, and poison gas, used for three years after Marne along western Europe |
| U-boats | submarines that prevented supplies from reaching Great Britain, brought the U.S. into the war |
| propaganda | information designed to influence opinion |
| Lusitania | Germany torpedoed this ship, killing over 1000 people, including 128 Americans. |
| Zimmermann Telegram | telegram that Britain intercepted, had German plans for uniting with Mexico and regaining lost Mexican territory in Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona |
| autocracy | rule by one person with unlimited power, Russia's change to democratic government allowed Americans to say that it was democracy against __________ |
| convoys | teams |
| Bolsheviks | a group of communists, overthrew democratic Russian government, led by Vladimir Lenin, pulled out of war to establish communist state |
| Treaty of Brest-Litovsk | in this treaty, Russia gave Germany Poland, the Ukraine, and other territories. Allowed Germany to move troops from Eastern Front to Western Front |
| John J. Pershing | led American Expeditionary Force, American troops in Europe |
| Battle of the Argonne Forest | battle that drove Germans away from Paris and threatened invasion of Germany, lasted 7 weeks |
| armistice | an agreement to end the fighting |
| kaiser | emperor of Germany |
| Wilhelm II | gave up throne, Germany became a republic, and the armistice was agreed to |
| Rhine River | Germany agreed to withdraw all forces west of the ________________ |
| mobilization | the gathering of resources and the preparation for war |
| Liberty Bonds | glorified war bonds |
| rationing | limitation of use |
| Great Migration | 300,000 - 500,000 African Americans left their Southern homes for jobs in the Northern cities |
| pacifists | people opposed to the use of violence |
| Sabotage Act | made it illegal to say, print, or write anything perceived as negative about the government |
| sabotage | secret action to damage the war effort |
| Fourteen Points | Wilson's peace proposal that concerned the adjustment of boundaries in Europe and the creation of new nations |
| national self-determination | the right of the people to decide how they should be governed |
| League of Nations | Wilson's final point that would help preserve peach and prevent future wars by pledging to respect and protect each other's territory |
| Big Four | President Wilson, Prime Minister David Lloyd George, Premier Georges Clemenceau, Prime Minister Vittorio Orlando (Italy) |
| peace, revenge | President Wilson wanted ________ while other countries wanted _________ |
| reparations | payments |
| Treaty of Versailles | Treaty where Germany had to accept full responsibility for the war and pay billions of reparations to Allies, had to disarm completely and give up all oversees colonies and some territories in Europe |
| no | Did the Senate ratify the Treaty of Versailles? |
| capitalism | an economic system based on private property and free enterprise |
| anarchists | people who believe there should be no government |
| Red Scare | a period when the government went after "Reds" (Communists) and others with radical views |
| deported | expelled from the U.S. |
| Sacco and Vanzetti | two anarchists who were accused and convicted of robbing a shoe factory and killing its owner |
| Warren G. Harding | president who promised return to 'normalcy', but had doubts on his ability to do the job |
| Calvin Coolidge | Harding's running mate |
| Ohio Gang | a group of Harding's friends and political supporters that Harding appointed in his cabinet |
| Teapot Dome Scandal | Albert Fall secretly leased government oil reserves in Teapot Dome, Wyoming to owners of two oil companies for $400,000+ |
| Five-Power Treaty | limited the size of nations' navies |
| Kellogg-Briand Pact | called for outlawing war, many nations signed it, but lacked means of enforcement |
| recession | economic downturn |
| gross national product | the total value of all goods and services produced |
| scientific management | hiring experts to study how goods could be produced more quickly |
| productivity | the amount of work each worker could do |
| welfare capitalism | steps designed to link workers more closely to the company they worked for |
| installment buying | consumers could buy products by promising to pay small, regular amounts of money over a period of time |
| Model T | invented by Henry Ford, first affordable automobile |
| flappers | carefree young women with short, bobbed hair, heavy makeup, and short skirts |
| mass media | forms of communication, such as newspapers and radio |
| Jazz Age | the 1920s was known as the _____________ |
| improvisation | new rhythms and melodies created during a performance |
| Harlem Renaissance | a flowering of African American culture during the 1920s |
| expatriates | people who chose to live in another country because they were questioning American ideals |
| The lost generation | Post war writers that left a sense of dislocation and alienation. They felt the real America had been lost or dostorted. |
| bootlegging | making and selling illegal alcohol |
| 21st Amendment | repealed the 18th Amendment |
| nativism | the belief that the native-born American is better that the foreign born American |
| Emergency Quota Act | established a quota system in that only 3% of the total number of people in any national group already in the U.S. could be admitted in a year |
| National Origins Act | reduced the quota system from 3-2% |
| quota system | an arrangement placing a limit on the number of immigrants from each country |
| evolution | the scientific theory that humans evolved over vast periods of time |
| Scopes trial | trial that decided it was okay to teach evolution |
| stock exchange | organized system for buying and selling shares, or blocks of investments, in corporations |
| on margin | practice that allowed people to buy stock with a down payment of 10 percent of the full value |
| Black Thursday | a day where panicked investors sold 13 million shares |
| Great Depression | a severe economic crisis that the U.S. went through |
| defaulted | failed to meet loan payments |
| Hoovervilles | shantytowns made of old boxes, named because of President Hoover's failure to acr |
| relief | aid for the needy |
| public works | projects such as highways, parks, and libraries |
| Bonus Army | marched on Washington, Congress agreed to give each WW1 veteran $1,000 in 1945, they wanted it now |
| Franklin D. Roosevelt | Democrat who became president in 1932 |
| Hundred Days | the special session of Congress the Roosevelt called to launch his programs |
| New Deal | the new laws the Congress passed during the Hundred Days and in the months and years the followed came to be known as the _____________ |
| work relief | giving needy people government jobs |
| subsides | grants of money |
| Tennessee Valley Authority | aimed to control flooding, promote conservation and development, and bring electricity to rural areas along the Tennessee River, ended disastrous floods |
| Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation | established to insure bank deposits, guaranteed that money placed in a bank insured by the FDIC would not be lost if the bank failed |
| fireside chats | informal radio talks that FDR gave to America, sat next to the fireplace in the White House |
| Dust Bowl | western Kansas and Oklahoma, northern Texas, and eastern Colorado and New Mexico; long periods of drought and destructive farming methods ruined farming in the region |
| migrant workers | people who moved from place to place to harvest fruits and vegetables |
| Revenue Act | act that raised taxes on wealthy people |
| Second New Deal | a set of programs launched in 1935 |
| Works Progress Administration | created in 2nd New Deal to give people jobs and help the country |
| Social Security Act | created a tax on workers and employees to provide monthly pensions for retired people |
| unemployment insurance | payments to people who lost their jobs |
| Adolf Hitler | German Nazi dictator who rose to power in the 1920s |
| dictators | leaders who control their nations by force |
| Benito Mussolini | Italian dictator who rose to power with his Fascist Party |
| fascism | extreme nationalism and racism |
| Ethiopia | first nation Italy took over and annexed |
| Nazi Party | National Socialist German Worker's Party |
| anti-Semitism | hatred of the Jews |
| totalitarian | a state in which a single party and its leader suppress all opposition and control all aspects of people's lives |
| Joseph Stalin | Soviet Union leaders who rose to power in the 1920s, ruled through the use of force |
| Neutrality Acts | between 1935-1937 Congress passed these laws to keep the nation out of future wars |
| Rhineland | first area that Hitler illegally invaded |
| Austria | first nation that Germany annexed |
| Sudentenland | a region of western Czechoslovakia that Hitler wanted and soon gained, the Munich Conference was held over this |
| appeasement | avoiding war by accepting demands |
| Munich Conference | Britain, France, and Germany met and agreed to let Germany have the Sudentenland in exchange for a promise not to expand Germany's territory any further |
| Soviet-German Non-Aggression Pact | freed Hitler to use force against Poland without fear of Soviet intervention |
| blitzkrieg | "lightning" war that Germany used to invade Poland September 1, 1939 |
| Maginot Line | a string of steel-and-concrete bunkers along the German border from Belgium to Switzerland |
| Allies | Great Britain and France |
| Axis | in World War II the alliance of Germany and Italy in 1936 which later included Japan and other nations |
| Battle of Britain | where Germany bombed Britain over and over again, but Britain would not surrender thanks to the British Royal Air Force |
| Lend-Lease Act | allowed American to sell, lend, or lease arms or other war supplies to any nation considered 'vital to the defense of the United States' |
| Atlantic Charter | set goals for a world after "the final destruction of Nazi tyranny" |
| disarmament | giving up military weapons |
| Pearl Harbor | this bombing of a naval base in Hawaii brought the United States into the war |
| mobilization | military and civilian preparations for war |
| Revenue Act of 1942 | raised corporate taxes and required nearly all Americans to pay income taxes |
| rationed | consumers could only buy limited numbers of these __________ items |
| civil defense | protective measures in case of attack |
| Office of War Information | established by the government, this office promoted patriotism and helped keep Americans united behind the war effort |
| Rosie the Riveter | character the encouraged women to take factory jobs |
| Women's Army Corps | WACs |
| Women Appointed for Volunteer Emergency Service in the Navy | WAVES |
| internment camps | crowded and harsh relocation camps for Japanese during WW2 |
| Dwight D. Eisenhower | general that directed the largest combined land-sea-air invasion in history - D-Day |
| George Patton | general who drove Erwin Rommel and Germany out of Africa |
| Leningrad | siege of this city lasted 900 days |
| Stalingrad | the German defeat at this city marked a major turning point in the war |
| D-Day | June 6, 1944, on the coast of Normandy, Eisenhower and troops invaded France |
| Operation Overlord | name for D-Day |
| Battle of the Bulge | last desperate German offense |
| V-E Day | May 8, 1945, end of war in Europe |
| genocide | wiping out an entire group of people |
| concentration camps | prison camps for civilians |
| Holocaust | The mass murder of 6 million Jews and others in Nazi concentration camps. |
| Douglas MacArthur | general who led troops in the Pacific sphere in WW2 |
| Battle of the Coral Sea | halted Japanese advance on Australia |
| Battle of Midway | first major Japanese defeat, northwest of Hawaii |
| Battle of Leyte Gulf | biggest naval battle in history |
| kamikazes | suicide pilots |
| Manhattan Project | secret operation to develop nuclear weapons |
| Potsdam Declaration | warned Japanese that if they did not surrender they would face "prompt and utter destruction" |
| Hiroshima | location of first atomic bomb |
| Nagasaki | location of second atomic bomb |
| V-J Day | August 15, 1945 |
| Big Three | FDR, Winston Churchill, Joseph Stalin |
| Yalta Agreement | the SU (Soviet Union) agreed to enter the war against Japan for some territories in Asia |
| four | Germany was divided into _____ zones |
| free elections | Stalin promised to hold _______________ in East Europe, but he didn't. He is a liar. |
| United Nations | a group of 50 nations signed this creating this, hoping that this could settle disputes between nations and prevent future wars |
| iron curtain | in a speech in Fulton, Missouri, Churchill announced that this had descended on Europe |
| containment | the policy of containing the Soviet Union through limited military and nonmilitary means in strategic areas of the world |
| Truman Doctrine | a commitment to help nations threatened by communism and Soviet expansion |
| Marshall Plan | a program of economic aid for Europe that became a vital part of the policy of containment |
| Berlin blockade | Stalin's answer to the combining to form West Germany, cut off Berlin to supplies |
| airlift | Truman ordered a massive _______ to save Berlin |
| Berlin airlift | airlift in 1948 that supplied food and fuel to citizens of west Berlin when the Russians closed off land access to Berlin |
| Federal Republic of Germany | West Germany became known as the |
| German Democratic Republic | East Germany became known as the |
| cold war | a war in which to two enemies did not actually fight each other. |
| North Atlantic Treaty Organization | NATO, U.S., Canada, and 10 west European nations signed this to defend against a possible Soviet invasion of Western Europe |
| Warsaw Pact | Stalin's response to NATO, alliance with communist governments of Eastern Europe, had military force controlled by SU |
| GI Bill of Rights | Law Passed in 1944 to help returning veterans buy homes and pay for higher education |
| desegregate | to end the separation of races |
| 38th parallel | line that North and South Korea were divided by |
| Korea | a small east Asian country located on the Korean Peninsula west of Japan |
| Douglas MacArthur | commanded U.S. and U.N. forces in Korea, but was sacked |
| Pusan | port city that never got taken by the North Koreans |
| Inchon | port that U.S. landed at in the Korean war |
| stalemate | situation in which neither side can gain much ground or achieve a decisive victory |
| demilitarized zone | a region where military forces could not enter |
| subversion | sabotage |
| McCarran Act | required all Communist Organizations to register with the government and to provide lists of members |
| House Un-American Activities Committee | congressional committee that began investigating communist subversion in the nation in 1947 |
| perjury | lying |
| blacklists | lists of people whose loyalty was suspicious |
| Joseph McCarthy | man who publicly attacked people alleged to be Communists |
| alleged | declared without proof |
| censure | formally criticize |
| McCarthyism | Intense anti-communist suspicion from late 1940s until late 1950s. Named to criticize actions of Senator Joseph McCarthy during second "Red Scare". |
| Richard M. Nixon | Republican vice-president candidate 1952 |
| moderate | middle-of-the-road, Ike's approach to domestic policy |
| surplus | excess |
| Sputnik | the world's first artificial satellite |
| Vanguard | U.S.'s first, and failed, satellite, Flopnik |
| massive retaliation | instant attack using nuclear weapons |
| "brinkmanship" | the policy of pushing a dangerous situation to the brink of war so one side will agree to something |
| conventional | non-nuclear |
| arms race | where both nations build more and more weapons |
| intermediate-range ballistic missile | IRBM could reach targets 1,500 miles away |
| intercontinental ballistic missile | ICBM could range many thousands of miles |
| National Aeronautics and Space Administration | new government agency in charge of the space program |
| space race | the race to space |
| Project Mercury | the nation's first program to put an astronaut in space |
| John Foster Dulles | Eisenhower's most important foreign policy advisor, proposed massive retaliation policy |
| Ho Chi Minh | rebel leader of the Vietminh |
| Vietminh | nationalist rebels in Vietnam, Communist |
| Geneva Accords | divided Vietnam- Vietminh North, others south |
| domino theory | the political theory that if one nation comes under Communist control then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control |
| Southeast Asia Treaty Organization | SEATO, nations (U.S., G.B.,Fra, New Zealand, Aus, Phil, Pakistan, and Thailand) pledged joint action against any aggressor, |
| South Vietnam | the country that could be the first 'domino' |
| Central Intelligence Agency | an independent agency of the United States government responsible for collecting and coordinating intelligence and counterintelligence activities abroad in the national interest |
| Fidel Castro | rebel leader who formed a new government in Cuba, supported by U.S., but lost support when seized foreign territory |
| summit | meeting of heads of government |
| peaceful coexistence | two superpowers would compete with one another but would avoid war |
| U-2 Incident | where the SU caught an American U2 spy plane and ended the 'thaw' in the Cold war |
| military-industrial complex | Eisenhower first coined this phrase when he warned American against it in his last State of the Union Address. He feared that the combined lobbying efforts of the armed services and industries that contracted with the military would lead to excessive Congressional spending. |
| standard of living | a measure of people's overall wealth and quality of life |
| personal income | average income, earned or unearned, or every induvidual in the nation |
| affluence | wealth |
| baby boom | the nation's soaring birthrate |
| suburbs | smaller communities surrounding a larger city |
| William Levitt | introduced mass-produced housing based on experience he had gained building houses for the navy |
| Levittown | first suburban development |
| per capita income | the total national income divided by the number of people in the nation, income per person average |
| Khrushchev | Soviet statesman and premier who denounced stalin (1894-1971) |
| ghettos | neighborhoods inhabited by poor minority groups |
| automation | producing goods using mechanical and electronic devices |
| materialism | a focus on accumulating money and possessions rather than an interest in spiritual matters |
| segregation | the separation of people of different races |
| National Association for the Advancement of Colored People | this association searched for cases they could use to challenge segregation laws |
| integrating | bringing races together |
| Little Rock Nine | A group of African American students in Arkansas that tried to enter an all white school after Brown v. Brown but were blocked by guards |
| Orval Faubus | Arkansas governor who called the state's national guard to prevent AAs from entering Central High School in Little Rock, but backed down when a federal judge ruled that he had violated federal law. 100s of troops were sent to protect the students |
| Rosa Parks | AA who sat in the white section of a bus on December 1, 1955 |
| Montgomery Bus Boycott | In 1955, after Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a city bus, Dr. Martin L. King led a boycott of city busses. After 11 months the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public transportation was illegal. |
| boycott | a refusal to use |
| Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. | civil rights reformer who led the Montgomery Bus Boycott |
| A. Philip Randolph | the nation's most prominent AA labor leader |
| Mohandas Gandhi | used nonviolent protest to help India gain independence from Great Britain |
| civil disobedience | the refusal to obey laws that are considered unjust |
| Southern Christian Leadership Conference | SCLC these conference leaders emphasized the nonviolent protest. They showed civil rights workers how to protect themselves from violent attacks. |
| poverty line | the minimum income needed to survive |
| Medicare | helped pay for medical care for senior citizens |
| Medicaid | helped poor people pay their hospital bills |
| Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee | SNCC a new civil rights group launced by sit-ins |
| sit-in | the act of protesting by sitting down |
| Congress of Racial Equality | CORE decided to see whether the ruling against segregated buses was being enforced, freedom rides |
| Freedom Riders | a group of people that boarded two buses leaving DC for New Orleans, went smoothly until it reached Alabama where they were stoned and beat |
| interstate buses | buses that crossed state lines |
| March on Washington | a march where more than 200,000 people or all colors from all part of the country marched to rally support for the civil rights bill |
| Lyndon B. Johnson | succeeded Kennedy, convinced Congress to pass civil rights bill |
| Brown v. Board of Education | court found that segregation was a violation of the Equal Protection clause; "separate but equal" has no place; reverse decision of Plessy v Feurgeson |
| Freedom Summer | campaign to help AAs register to vote |
| Malcolm X | leader who believed that blacks being separate from whites was a good thing, and that it was the best way for AAs to achieve justice |
| Voting Rights Act of 1965 | gave the federal government the power to force local officials to allow AAs to register to vote |
| Black Panther Party | symbolized a growing tension between AAs and urban policy, demanded reforms and armed themselves in opposition to the police |
| Great Society | the term for the domestic programs of the Johnson administration |
| Warren Commission | 10 month investigation of the assassination of JFK |
| Lee Harvey Oswald | Kennedy's assassin |
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