Chemistry Final
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101 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Kelvin | SI base test for temp. |
| Kilogram | SI base unit for mass |
| Significant Digit | number of all known digits reported in measurements plus one estimated digit |
| Matter | anything that has mass and takes up space |
| Precision | refers to how close a series of measurements are to one another |
| Accuracy | refers to how close a measured value is to an accepted value |
| Energy | the capacity to do work or produce heat; exists as potential energy, which is stored in an object due to its composition or position |
| Kinetic Energy | energy motion |
| Chemistry | study of matter and the changes it undergoes |
| Intermediate | substance produced in one elementary step of a complex reaction and consumed in a subsequent elementary step |
| Intensive Property | a physical property that remains the same no matter how much of a substance is present |
| Extensive Property | a physical property (ex. mass, length, volume) that depends upon amount of substance present |
| Mixture | a physical blend of 2 or more pure substances; can be separated by physical means |
| Solution | uniform mixture that may contain solids, liquids, or gases; AKA a homogeneous mixture |
| Substances | form of matter that has a uniform and unchanging composition; AKA PURE SUBSTANCE |
| Specific Heat | amount of heat required to raise the temp of one gram of a given substance by one degree Celsius |
| Joule | SI unit of heat and energy |
| Isotope | atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons |
| Density | ratio that compares the mass of an object to its volume |
| Mass Number | the number after an elements name, representing the sum of its PROTONS AND NEUTRONS |
| Ion | an atom or bonded group of atoms with a positive or negative charge |
| Polyatomic Ion | an ion made up of 2 or more atoms bonded together that acts as a single unit with a net charge |
| Molarity | the number of moles of solute dissolved per liter of solution AKA molar concentration |
| Mole | SI base unit of a substance |
| Empirical Formula | a formula that shows the smallest whole number ratio of the elements of a compound and may or may not be the same as the actual molecular formula |
| Molecular Formula | formula that specifies the actual number of atoms of each element in one molecule or formula unit of the substance |
| Oxidation Number | positive or negative charge of a monatomic ion |
| Chemical Reaction | process that atoms of one or more substances are rearranged to form different substance: indicated by: changes in temp., color, odor, physical state |
| Combustion | chemical reaction that occurs when a substance reacts with oxygen, releasing energy in the form of heat and light |
| Heterogeneous Mixture | 2 ore more phases |
| Phase | different parts |
| Interface | where 2 parts meet each others (will settle down) |
| Solute | item that gets dissolved |
| Solvent | item that does the dissolving |
| Metal Alloys | most common solid solution |
| Molarity | indicates the concentration or strength of a solution |
| Organic | Carbon chemistry |
| Inorganic | Everything else |
| Physical Property | a characteristic that can be observed or measured without changing the sample's composition, also describes pure substances |
| Physical Properties | extensive and intensive |
| Extensive | depends on the amount of substance ex. mass, length, volume |
| Intensive | doesn't depend on the amount |
| Malleability | can be hammered or shaped into different forms |
| Ductility | can be drawn into a wire |
| Refractive Index | the bending of light through different substances |
| Solubility | whether something dissolves |
| Conductivity | heat and electric |
| Physical Change | changes that alter a substance without changing its composition ex. haircut (breaking something into smaller pieces ex. change of state, ice water and steam |
| Distillation | separation by boiling points (ex. of a physical change) |
| Fractional Crystallization | separation due to solubilities |
| Chromatography | separation due to polarities |
| Filtering | going through the filter |
| Evaporation | liquid to gas below its boiling point |
| Vaporization | liquid to gas at its boiling point |
| Chemical Property | the ability of a substance to combine with or change into one or more other substances ex. sodium can react with water |
| Chemical Changes | process that involves one or more substances changing into new substances (commonly referred to as chemical reactions) |
| Mass-Energy Problems | involves calculation the heat of reaction from the mass of materials in a reaction |
| Reactants | are the starting substances in a chemical reaction |
| Synthesis | two or more substances combine to form a new substance |
| Chemical Reaction | the process by which one or more substances are changed into one or more different substances |
| Mass-Mass Problems | calculations are used to find the masses of materials involved in reactions |
| Single Displacement | when on element displaces another in a compound |
| Stoichiometry | the quantitative study of chemical reactions such as mass-mass problems |
| Decomposition | the breaking up of substances inter simpler substances into simpler substances when energy is supplied |
| Products | the term referring to the substances formed by a chemical reaction |
| Double Displacement | the positive and negative portions of two compounds are interchanged |
| Percentage Yield | the _____ of a product is expressed as: Actual amount of product / theoretical amount of product x 100% |
| Combustion | the reaction of an organic compound as it burns in air |
| Mole | SI standard base unit of chemical quantity. 6.02*10^23 |
| Hydrates | compounds that crystallize from a water solution with water molecules clinging to the particles |
| Molecular Mass | the sum of the atomic masses |
| Molarity | the ratio between the moles of dissolved substances and the volume of solution in cubic decimeters |
| Formula Mass | refers to the sum of the atomic masses of all atoms in the formula unit of an ionic compound |
| Percentage Composition | total mass of an element in a compound divided by the total mass of the compound and multiplied and is multiplied by 100 |
| Molar Mass | the mass of one mole of molecules, atoms, ions, or formula units |
| Chemical Changes | break down compounds into their constituent elements |
| Physical Change | Ice --> Water --> Steam |
| Phase | is any region with a uniform set of properties |
| Mixture | contains more than one kind of material |
| Atoms | are tiny particles that make up matter |
| Fractional Crystallization | separation due to solubilities |
| Fractional Distillation | separation by boiling points |
| Joule | SI unit of energy |
| Polyatomic Ion | an ion made of more than one atom is called |
| Formula Unit | a compound's formula represents a definite amount of that compound |
| Molecule | a neutral particle formed when neutral atoms combined |
| Chemical Symbol | a shorthand representation of an element |
| Binary Compound | any compound containing only two elements |
| Oxidation Number | the charge of a monatomic ion |
| Chemisty | study of matter and the changes it undergoes |
| Qualitative Data | 5 senses, looks, feels, tastes etc. |
| Quantitative Data | description based on measurements |
| Molarity | amount of solute in a solution |
| Molecular Formula | a representation of all the elements conained in a molecule and the number of atoms of each element in that molecule |
| Empirical Formula | the simplest ratio of the elements in a formula |
| Calorometer | measures heat flow |
| Chromatography | seperating of a mixture |
| Colloid | a special heterogenous mixture that does not settle out |
| Error | difference between an accepted value an experimental value |
| Percent Error | ratio of an error to an accepted value |
| Precise | two measurements that are very close to each other |
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