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CLASSIFICATION the grouping of objects or organisms based on a set of criteria TAXONOMY the discipline of biology concerned with identifying, naming and classifying species based on natural relationships LINNAEUS Scientist who came up with method of naming organisms with a two part scientific name called bionomial nomenclature TAXONOMIC CATEGORIES (LARGEST TO SMALLEST) Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species THREE DOMAINS Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya SIX KINGDOMS Bacteria, Archaea, Protista, fungi, Plantae, and Animalia EUKARYOTIC CELL cell with membrane-bound organelles and a nucleus HOW ARE VIRUSES CLASSIFIED? by the type of nucleic acid they contain WHAT IS THE OUTER LAYER OF VIRUSES MADE UP OF? Proteins-called a capsid DIFFERENCES BETWEEN BACTERIA AND ARCHAEBACTERIA Different ribosomal proteins and RNA. Bacteria cell walls contain peptidoglycan and archaea do not. Different lipids in their plasma membrane SHAPES OF BACTERIA Cocci, Spirilla, Bacilli BINARY FISSION division of a cell into two genetically identical cells CONJUGATION Two bacteria cells attach to each other and exchange genetic information AEROBES Require oxygen to grow HOW ARE PROTISTS CLASSIFIED? By their method of obtaining nutrition ANIMAL-LIKE PROTISTS Heterotrophs: are called protozoans PLANT-LIKE PROTISTS protists make their own food through photosynthesis HOW DO FUNGUS-LIKE PROTISTS GET NUTRIENTS? Absorb from other organisms HOW ARE PROTOZOANS CLASSIFIED? method of movement CILIA hair-like structures used for movement and to move food into the cell CONTRACTILE VACUOLE expel excess water from the cell PSEUDOPOD temporary extension of cytoplasm that can surround and envelope a smaller organism, forming a food vacuole and can also be used for locomotion SPORES reproductive cells that form without fertilization FLAGELLA long, whip-like projections that protrude from the cell and are used for movement EYESPOT light-sensitive receptor that helps orient the protist toward light for photosynthesis FUNGUS-LIKE PROTISTS feed on decaying organic matter and absorb nutrients through their cell walls, use spores to reproduce, and feed on organic decaying matter DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HYPHAE AND MYCELIUM Hyphae-mass of thread-like filaments that make up the body of a fungus mycelium-net-like mass of SAPROBE an organism that feeds on dead organisms or organic wastes PHOTOSYNTHESIS plants carry on this process where glucose and oxygen are made from carbon dioxide and water STOMATA openings in the outer cell layer of leaves that enable the exchange of gases VASCULAR TISSUE Tissue specialized for transport LEAVES sites of photosynthesis SEED plant structure that contains an embryo, nutrients and protective coat ALTERNATION OF GENERATIONS includes a diploid sporophyte generation and a haploid gametophyte generation COTYLEDONS structures that store food or help absorb food for the embryo in a seed ANGIOSPERMS plants whose seeds are part of fruits GYMNOSPERMS plants with cones DO PLANT CELLS HAVE CELL WALLS? yes DIFFERENCES BETWEEN XYLEM & PHLOEM Xylem-water-carrying vascular tissue-Phloem-food-carrying tissue ROOTS take in water and minerals that are transported to the rest of the plant, anchor the plant, and support a plant STEMS support the leaves and reproductive structures STAMENS male reproductive organs of a flower PISTIL female reproductive organs of flowers HETEROTROPHS animals that must feed on other organisms to obtain nutrients DIFFERENCE BETWEEN INVERTEBRATES & VERTEBRATES Vertebrates are animals with backbones and invertebrates are animals without backbones EXOSKELETONS Hard outer coverings that provide a framework of support, protect soft body tissues, prevent water loss and provide protection from predators ENDOSKELETON grow within an animals and protect the internal organs, provide support for the body and provide a brace for muscels to pull against HERMAPHRODITE Produce both sperm and egg in the same animal body. ZYGOTE Fertilized egg. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ANTERIOR & POSTERIOR Anterior is a head end and Posterior is a tail end. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DORSAL & VENTRAL Dorsal is Backside, and Ventral is Underside/Belly. 52. COELOM fluid filled body cavity that has tissue formed from the messoderm SPONGES have no tissues, no organs and no symmetry; have pores, name means pore-bearers OSCULUM Water and waste are expelled from the sponge through this mouth-like opening at the top SESSILE attached to and stays in one place- sponges are sessile SPICULES small, needle-like structures in sponges made of calcium carbonate, silica or spongin CNIDOCYTES Cnidarian tentacle stinging cells-they contain capsules with coiled barbs and poison PHARYNX tube-like muscular organ extended out of the mouth of flatworms to suck up food GANGLIA groups of nerve cell bodies that coordinate incoming and outgoing nerve signals KINDS OF FLATWORMS planarians, tapeworms, flukes KINDS OF ROUNDWORMS Filarial waorm, ascarid worm, pinworm, heartworm, and hookworm MANTLE In mollusks-membrane that surrounds the internal organs and can secrete calcium carbonate to form shells DIFFERENCE BETWEEN AN OPEN & CLOSED CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Open-blood is pumped out of vessels and into open spaces surrounding the body organs ---closed-blood is confined to vessels as it moves through the body GASTROPODS stomach-footed mollusk with single shells BIVALVES slow two-shelled mollusks like clams CEPHALOPODS head-footed mollusks like the octopus WHAT IS THE PHYLUM OF SEGMENTED WORMS? Annelida DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CROP & GIZZARD The gizzard is used to manually grind and break down food and the crop stores it. KINDS OF ANNELIDS Fanworm, leech, earthworm SETAE tiny bristles that push into the soil and anchor the worm during movement THREE BODY REGIONS OF ARTHROPODS abdomen, head, thorax CHITIN makes up the exoskeleton of arthropods MOLTING Arthropods must shed an outer covering in order to grow PHEROMONES chemicals secreted by animal species that influence the behavior of other animals of the same species KINDS OF CRUSTACEANS crabs, shrimps, lobster KINDS OF ARACHNIDS spiders, ticks, and scorpion TUBE FEET In echinoderms they are small, muscular, fluid-filled tubes that end in suction-cuplike structures and are used in movement, food collection and respiration KINDS OF ECHINODERMs sea stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers, sea daisy, sand dollars, and sea lilies FOUR CHARACTERISTICS OF A CHORDATE Notochord, postanal tail, dorsal, pharyngeal pouches WHAT REPLACES THE NOTOCHORD DURING EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT? Vertebral column NEURAL CREST a group of cells that develop from the nerve cord and form portions of the brain and skull, certain sense organs and some nerve fibers FISHES They have jaws, fins, gills and scales and live in aquatic habitats OPERCULUM a moveable flap that covers and protects the gills in fishes GILLS They get oxygen when water that enters the mouth flows across them MEDULLA OBLONGATA Part of the brain that controls internal organs LATERAL LINE SYSTEM enables fishes to detect movement in the water SWIM BLADDER a gas-filled space that allows a fish to control its depth CLOACA a chamber that receives the digestive wastes, urinary waste and eggs or sperm before they leave the body NICTATING MEMBRANE a transparent eyelid that can move across the eye to protect it underwater TYMPANIC MEMBRANE eardrum on the side of the head in amphibians ECTOTHERM animal that obtain their body heat from their external enviroment REPRODUCTION IN REPTILES They produce amniotic eggs- Egg that is covered with a protective shell and has several internal membranes with fluids contained between them DO REPTILES HAVE SCALES? yes HOW DO REPTILES GROW? molting ENDOTHERM an organism that generates its body heat internally by its own metabolism FEATHERS specialized outgrowths of the skin made up of keratin in birds CEREBELLUM In birds it's the part of the brain that coordinates movement and balance during flight HOW ARE BIRDS & REPTILES SIMILAR? They have amniotic eggs, skeletal features and nesting TWO MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF MAMMALS hair and mammary glands HAIR Made up of a tough, fiberous protein called keratin OMNIVORES eats plants and animals RUMINANTS Mammals that have bacteria in the cecum that help break down plant material and have large 4-chambered stomachs DIAPHRAGM sheet of muscles beneath the lungs that separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity that helps carry oxygen in and out of the lungs CEREBRAL CORTEX Part of the brain responsible for coordinating conscious activities, meory and learning GLAND a group of cells that secrete fluid to be used elsewhere in the body MONOTREMES & EXAMPLE mammals that reproduce by laying eggs like the platypus MARSUPIALS & EXAMPLE Pouched mammals that have a very short gestation period like the kangeroo PLACENTA organ that provides food and oxygen to and removes waste from developing young WHAT DID DR. CAMPBELL FIND THE CURE FOR IN "MEDICINE MAN"? cancer IN "MEDICINE MAN", WHERE DID PEAK 37 COME FROM? from ants