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Chromosomes threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes Diploid (genetics) an organism or cell having two sets of chromosomes or twice the haploid number Haploid (genetics) an organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes Binary Fisson asexual reproductive processs in which one cell divides into two separate genetically indentical cells. Gametes Reproductive Cells Independent Assortment the random distribution of the pairs of genes on different chromosomes to the gametes Genetic Recombination the regrouping of genes in an offspring that results in a genetic makeup that is different from that of the parents Crossing Over the interchange of sections between pairing homologous chromosomes during the prophase of meiosis Synapsis the side by side pairing of homologous maternal and paternal chromosomes at the start of meiosis Stem Cells unspecialized cells that retain the ability to become a wide variety of specialized cells Allele one of two alternate forms of a gene that can have the same locus on homologous chromosomes and are responsible for alternative traits Homozygous having identical alleles at corresponding chromosomal loci Heterozygous term used to refer to an organism that has two different alleles for the same trait Test Cross the crossing of an individual of unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive individual to determine the unknown genotype Law of Segregation first law of heredity stating that pairs of alleles for a trait separate when gametes are formed Law of Independent Assortment alleles from different genes separate independently of one another during gamete formation, the law that states that genes separate independently of one another in meiosis Monohybrid Cross hybridization using a single trait with two alleles (as in Mendel's experiments with garden peas) Dihybrid Cross a cross between individuals that have different alleles for the same gene Incomplete Dominance creates a blended phenotype; one allele is not completely dominant over the other Codominance situation in which both alleles of a gene contribute to the phenotype of the organism Pedigree the descendants of one individual Somatic Cell Mutation e, change in genetic info. contained in every cell except the reproductive cells. it is not inheritable Gene Therapy a technique that places a gene into a cell to correct a hereditary disease or to improve the genome