1.
Biotin def: Dermatitis, alopecia, enteritis;
caused by antibiotic use or excessive RAW EGG ingestion.
2.
Biotin fxn: Cofactor for carboxylation enzymes.
3.
Folic acid def: THE MC VIT DEFICIENCY IN THE US;
Sprue, macrocytic megaloblastic anemia, no neurologic symptoms; increased homocysteine, normal methylmalonic acid
4.
Folic acid fxn: Converted to THF, coenzyme for 1-carbon transfer (methylation) reactions.
5.
Magnesium def: Weakness, nuscle cramps, exacerbation of hypocalcemic tetany, CNS hyperirritability leading to tremors, choreathetoid movement.
6.
Selenum def: Keshan disease (cardiomyopathy).
7.
Vitamin A def: Night blindness, dry skin.
8.
Vitamin A fxn: Antioxidant constituent of visual pigments; needed for specialized tissue cell differentiation (pancreatic, mucus-secreting).
9.
Vitamin B1 (thiamine) fxn: Cofactor for pyruvate dehydrogenase (glycolysis), alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (TCA), transketolase (HMP), and branched chain AA dehydrogenase
10.
Vitamin B1 def: Impaired glucose breakdown leads to ATP depletion especially in highly aerobic tissues (brain, heart); causes:
- Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (confusion, opthalmoplegia, focal hemorrhage in mamillary bodies),
- beri-beri (dry-polyneuritis, muscle wasting; wet-dilated cardiomyopathy, edema).
11.
Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) fxn: Cofactor in oxidation and reduction.
12.
Vitamin B2 def: Cheilosis (inflammation of lips with scalin and fissures at corners of mouth), corneal vascularization, angluar stomatitis.
13.
Vitamin B3 (niacin) fxn: Constituent of NAD+, NADP+; derived from tryptophan; synthesis requires B6.
14.
Vitamin B3 def: Glossitis, pellagra (diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia);
can be caused by INH (decreased B6) or malignant carcinoid syndrome (increased tryptophan metabolism).
15.
Vitamin B5 def: Dermatitis, enteritis, alopecia, adrenal insufficiency.
16.
Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) fxn: Converted to pyridoxal phosphate, cofactor in transamination, decarboxylation, glycogen phosphorylase, cystathionine and heme synthesis; required for niacin synthesis
17.
Vitamin B6 def: Convulsions, hyperirritability, peripheral neuropathy, sideroblastic anemia, required during admin of INH.
18.
Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) fxn: Cofactor for homocysteine methyltransferase
19.
Vitamin B12 def: Macrocytic megaloblastic anemia, hypersegmented PMNs, neurologic sx (paresthesias, subacute combined degeneration, optic neuropathy), glossitis, increased levels of homocysteine and methylmalonic acid.
20.
Vitamin C def: Scurvy: swollen gums, anemia, poor wound healing.
21.
Vitamin C fxn: Antioxidant; facilitates iron absorption; necessary for proline and lysine hydroxylation in collagen synthesis; necessary for dopamine beta-hydroxylase.
22.
Vitamin D def: Rickets in children (bending bone);
Osteomalacia (soft bone) and hypocalcemic tetany in adults.
23.
Vitamin D fxn: Increases intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphate; increases bone resorption.
24.
Vitamin E def: Increased erythrocyte fragility leads to hemolytic anemia, muscle weakness, neurodysfunction.
25.
Vitamin E fxn: Antioxidant protects erythrocytes and membranes from free-radical damage.
26.
Vitamin K def: Neonatal hemorrhage with normal bleeding time, increased PT and PTT.
27.
Vitamin K fxn: Catalyzes gamma-carboxylation of glutamic acid residues on blood clotting proteins.
28.
Vitamine B5 (pantothenate) fxn: Component of CoA and fatty acid synthesis.
29.
Zinc def: Delayed wound healing, hypogonadism, decreased adult hair, dysgeusia, anosmia.
30.
Zinc fxn: Essential for activity of 100+ enzymes; needed for zinc finger transcription factor motif.