Geography
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jess_the_mess_013 on May 20, 2011
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Geography Final Review
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234 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan | 5 "Stans" |
| 1917 | the last czar of Russia (Nicolas) abdicated his thrown in this year |
| abdicate | to give up |
| annex | formally added |
| ayatollah | thought Iran should be governed in strict obedience to Islamic law |
| Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Serbia, Montenegro, Croatia, Slovenia, Bosnia, Macedonia | Balkan countries |
| balkanize | to break up into small, mutually hostile political units |
| Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania | Baltic States |
| bedouin | Arab nomadic herders |
| Belgium, The Netherlands, Luxembourg | Benelux countries |
| Berlin Wall | went up in 1961, came down in 1989, separated Communist East Germany from free West Germany |
| black market | goods and services done unofficially without formal record keeping |
| blight | plant disease |
| bog | area of wet, spngy ground |
| cantons | states |
| Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan | Cuacasus countries |
| chernozem | rich topsoil |
| system of writing, complex societies, and states | What are some characteristics of a civilization? |
| collective farm | workers are paid by the government and must share profits from their products |
| command economy | a central authority decides what goods will be produced |
| communism | a system in which the government controls almost all aspects of political and economic life |
| cultural convergence | cultures interacting with each other |
| cultural diffusion | adopting practives of neighboring countries |
| cultural divergence | restriction of culture from outside influence |
| czar | Russian rulers (last czar of Russia abdicated thrown in 1917) |
| deforestation | the process of stripping the land of its trees |
| desalination | taking salt out of sea water in order to obtain drinking water |
| desertification | the extension of the desert landscape through the activities of people and livestock as well as climatic changes |
| dialect | variations of a language that are specific to regions of a country |
| dike | embankments of rock and soil to hold back water |
| diversify | to increase the variety of |
| embargo | a severe restriction on trade with other countries |
| enclaves | countries surrounded by only one other country (e.g. Gambia, Lesotho, Vatican City, San Marino, etc..) |
| entrepreneur | go-getter individuals who start and build businesses |
| Eurasia | a large, single continent containing Europe and Asia |
| euro | common currency of most European countries |
| fertile crescent | an arc of rich land int he Middle East where the first civilizations began |
| fjord | flooded glacial valleys |
| fundamentalism | s set of religious beliefs based on a strict interpretation of a sacred text (e.g. Koran) |
| genocide | the systematic killing or intentional destruction of people |
| geothermal acticity | energy from the heat of the earth's interior |
| ghetto | an area of a city where a minority is forced to live |
| glasnost | a policy which allowed citizens and news media to say what they wished without fear of government persecution (Russia) |
| glen | narrow valley |
| grabens | areas of land that have dropped down between faults |
| guerrilla | a member of an armed force that is not part of a regular army |
| Hajj | pilgrimage to Mecca (or by proxy) |
| Mecca | Holiest city |
| Holocaust | "a fire that burns something completely;" the mass-extermintion of 6+ million Jews |
| hub | a central point of concentrated activity and influence |
| humus | fertile topsoil |
| impressionism | captures the way an artist feels through the use of colors, shadows, and perceptions |
| industrial revolution | the gorwing use of machines (1700s-England; 1800s-Rest of Europe) |
| infant mortality | the number of children per 1000 live births who die within the first year |
| inflation | sharp increases in prices |
| insurgent | people who rebel against their government |
| intifada | Palestinian attempts to rid the region of Israeli soldiers |
| life expectancy | the number of years and individual is expected to live as determined by statistics |
| lignite | soft, brown coal |
| mandates | land governed by an outside power |
| market economy | decisions about production, price, and other economic factors are determined by the law of supply and demand |
| Middle East | This region obtained its name because it was the middle of a trade rote from Northern Africa to China. |
| militia | citizen army |
| minaret | the tower attached to a mosque |
| mixed economy | mixes components of free enterprise and socialism |
| monotheism | belief in one god |
| moor | treeless, rolling plain |
| mosque | Islamic places of worship |
| muezzin | a crieir who climbs the minaret and leads Islamic people in prayer |
| multiplier effect | the effect and investment has in multiplying related jobs throughout an economy |
| nationalize | brought under state control |
| nationalism | the desire of a cultural group to rule themselves as a separate nation |
| neutral | not taking sides in conflict (e.g. Switzerland) |
| nomad | people who travel from place to place |
| OPEC | Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries |
| peat | spongy material containg waterlogged moss and plants |
| perestroika | economic restructuring (Russia) |
| permafrost | permanently frozen soil |
| PLO | Palestinian Liberation Organization |
| polder | land reclaimed from the sea |
| polytheism | belief in multiple gods |
| privatization | the process of selling government owned industries and businesses to private owners who can run them more efficiently |
| protectorates | have their own government but ultimately are ruled by another country |
| quota | a fixed quantity |
| recession | decline in business over and extended period of time |
| Renaissance | "rebirth", 1400s, Italy |
| reparation | money for war damages (Germany) |
| ruble | Russian currency |
| Salat | 5 times a day prayer, kneeling toward Mecca |
| Sawn | fasting during the month of Ramadan |
| Medina | Second Holiest City |
| secular | run without religious affiliation |
| seismic activity | earthquakes and volvanic erruptions |
| Shahadah | confession (there is no god but Allah and Mohammed is his prophet) |
| Shah | secular ruler |
| siroccos | hot, dry winds from northern Africa |
| steppe | expansive grasslands |
| subsidence | a geological phenomenon in which the ground in an area sinks |
| taiga | coniferous forests that are south of the tundra |
| tariff | taxes on imports |
| Jerusalem | Third Holiest City (Home of the Dome...of the rock) |
| traditional economy | families produce goods and services for their own use, with little surplus and exchange of goods |
| tsunami | giant sea waves |
| tundra | a treeless plain in arctic areas wehre short grasses and mosses grow |
| UAE | United Arab Emirates |
| USSR | Union of Soviet Socialist Ruplics |
| velvet revolution/velvet divorce | a revolution or separation from an area without bloodshed |
| 1914-1918 | WWI dates |
| 1939-1945 | WWII dates |
| yurt | round, portable tent used by Arabs |
| Zakat | tithing 1/40th of income |
| Zionism | Jews who wanted to return to their original homeland |
| Maghreb | "land farthest West;" most western outposts of an Islamic empire |
| Sahel | the region south of the Sahara |
| colonialism | system by which countries set up colonies to secure sources of raw materials and markets for their products |
| leaching | the dissolving and washing away of nutrients |
| population density | average number of people in a given unit of area |
| delta | land formed by soil in the water that is dropped as the river slows and enters the sea |
| fellaheen | Egyptian peasants |
| bazaar | Arab open-air markets |
| basin irrigation | a type of irrigation that has walls round fields that trap water and silt; does not work year-round |
| perennial irrigation | a type of irrigation that provides water for agriculture all through the year |
| capital | money that is invested in building and supporting new industries |
| wadi | gullies |
| caravan | large groups of merchants who have joined together to travel in safety |
| medina | older Arab sections of North African cities, usually centered around a great mosque |
| Souk | market areas (Africa) |
| refugee | a person who flees his or her home to escape danger or unfair treatment |
| inland delta | an area of lakes, creeks, and swamps away from the ocean |
| coup | sudden political takeover |
| landlocked | a nation cut off from the sea |
| ancestor worship | the belief in spirits of the dead |
| animism | the belief that ordinary things of nature contain gods and spirits |
| World Bank | aann agency of the UN that gives loans to countries for development projects |
| International Monetary Fund | (IMF) an agency of the UN that gives loans to countries for development projects |
| mercenaries | hired soldiers |
| barter | the exchange of goods |
| erg | sea of sand |
| Harambee | President Kenyatta of Kenya's economic philosophy; literally, "a pulling together", unity between Kenyans |
| pyrethrum | a pesticide derived from certain flowers |
| malnutrition | a disease caused by not having a healthy diet |
| ethnocracy | (Rwanda/Burundi) a government in which one ethinic group rules over others |
| villagization | forced to move into towns and to work on collective farms |
| apartheid | "apartness"; under this, nonwhite South Africans were segregated from whites; law which forced segregation |
| segregation | forced to live apart |
| sanctions | actions that punish a country for behavior of which the international community doesn't approve |
| white flight | departure of trained white administrators and technicians |
| land redistribution | land is taken from those who have plenty and given to those who have little or none |
| escarpment | a steep cliff that separates two level areas of differing elevations |
| overgrazing | allowing cattle to eat too much |
| land degradation | reduction in the productive potential of the land |
| sultanate | state ruled by a sultan (Muslim ruler) |
| monsoons | winds that blow dry air from the northeast during the winter and carry moisture from the southwest in the summer |
| nonviolent resistance | opposing an enemy or oppressor by any means other than violence |
| boycott | refurse to purchase or use |
| reincarnation | the belief that the souls of human beings and animals go through a series of births, deaths, and rebirths |
| caste system | this system is a social hierarchy in which peoplea re born into a particular group that has been given a distinct rank in society |
| charpoy | a wooden bed frame with knotted string in place of a mattress |
| sari | brightly colored cloth that is draped over the body like a long dress |
| purdah | the Islamic custom of woen covering their faces with a veil when they're in public |
| cottage industries | people in these industries make goods in their own homes, using their own tools/machines |
| buffer state | a country separating opposing powers |
| typhoon | hurricane |
| 1911 | last emperor abdicated his thrown in this year (China) |
| Mongol/Ming/Manchu | list the three dynasties in order of their reigns |
| concessions | exemptions from local law |
| sphere of influence | areas in which these countries (US and a number of European powers) had some political and economic ocntrol, but didn't directly govern |
| light industry | the production of small consumer goods (e.g. clothing, appliances, and bicycles) |
| matrial law | law that is administered during periods of strict military control |
| demilitarized zone | (DMZ) "no man's land" an area between two hostile countries where no weapons are allowed |
| theocrat | someone who claims to rule by religious or divine authority |
| ideograms | pictures or characters representing a thing or an idea |
| atheism | denies the existence of Godseismographs |
| seismographs | machines that register movement in the earth's crust |
| homogeneous | uniform (Japan's population--99% Japanese) |
| barbarians | people without manners or civilized customs |
| paddy | wet land on which rice in grown |
| indigenous | native |
| heterogeneous | lack of similarity (Indonesia/Philippines) |
| doi moi | a program of economic change which attracted foreign investors |
| Aborigine | indigenous Australians |
| lagoon | shallow body of water with an outlet to the ocean |
| cyclone | Australian term for hurricanes |
| Outback | the harsh wilderness region of the central and western plains and plateaus (Australia) |
| artesian wells | these are bored deep into the earth to tap a layer of porous material filled with groundwater (Australia) |
| geyser | hot springs that shoot jets of steam and heated watear into the air |
| trust territory | supervised by other nations (e.g. the US oversees Guam and American Samoa) |
| crevasses | large cracks that form in glacial ice |
| ice shelves | massive permanent extensions of ice |
| pack ice | icebergs that mix with ice formed inicebergs that mix with ice formed in the superchilled waters of Antarctica |
| convergence zone | an area where the frigid waters around Antarctica meet the warmer waters of the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian oceans |
| krill | small shrimplike creatures |
| Ahmed Shah Massoud | born in 1953 in Kabul; became a resistance leader; used guerrilla tactics against the Russians; Minister of Defense; formed Northern Alliance |
| Chiang Kai-Shek | Nationalist leader of China who fled to Taiwan |
| Czar Nicolas II | last czar of Russia; abdicated thrown in 1917 |
| Deng Xiaoping | developed the "4 Mods"--D: defense, I: industry, A: agriculture, T: technology |
| Joseph Stalin | a ruthless Communist leader of Russia |
| Kim Il-Sung | 1st Communist ruler in North Korea; strict |
| Kim Jong-Il | 2nd Communist rule in North Korea; like his father, he is also very strict |
| Mao Zedong | Communist leader of China; ridded China of the old "THIC" T: thoughts, H: habits, I: ideology, C: cutoms; ultimately, this was an attack against religion |
| Mohandas Gandhi | led nonviolent resistance in India; protested peacefully; regarded highly by many |
| India's division into Pakistan and the Republic of India in 1947 | Est Pakistanis felt that West Pakistan was leaving them out in national affairs, they felt that they were treated like a colony, the distance, different ethnicities, and no government help after a detrimental flood caused this |
| NW | water scarcity is an issue in this region of China due to desers like the Great Gobi and Takla Makan |
| SE | This region of China which includes Hong Kong has become the heart of its booming economy |
| NE | this region of China is the education/government region |
| SW | this region of China is known for the Tibet Plateau |
| Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos | French Indochina |
| Madagascar | most native species; East of South Africa |
| Tibet | greatest plateau; SW China |
| The Amazon | greatest river system; Brazil |
| Iguazu Falls | greatest waterfall; Argentina |
| The Namib | greatest dunes; Namibia, Africa |
| Greenland | greatest island; N of Canada |
| Okavango Delta | greatest inland delta; Botswana, Africa |
| Papua New Guinea | natio with over 700 ethnic groups and many remote jungle tribes |
| Taiwan | in 1949, Chiang Kai-shek established a democratic China on this island |
| Indonesia | 4th most populous country; main religion-Islam; capital-Jakarta |
| Brunei | like Oman, this country is a sultanate; 50% of its wealth is from oil |
| Thailand | like Ethiopia, this country maintained its independence during the colonial era; captial, Bangkok |
| Philippines | due to Spanish colonization, this archipelago country of over 7000 islands is mostly Roman Catholic; capital-Manila |
| Mongolia | China's neighbor to the north; only has 500 miles of paved roads; captial-Ulaanbaatar |
| Singapore | SE Asia's smallest country; 1 main island; same-name capital city |
| Myanmar | formerly Burma; TX sized; ruled by military dictator Than Shwe |
| Than Shwe | military dictator who ruled Burma/Myanmar |
| Bhutan | 75% of this country is Buddhist; located Eastern Himalayas; Thimphu |
| Afghanistan | this nation was a buffer state between Russia and the British; Kabul |
| Sri Lanka | a tropical nation with ecological problems from deforestation; Colombo |
| Nepal | a Hindu nation; home of Mt. Everest at 29035 high; kathmandu |
| Maldives | Asia's lowest nation in elevation and smallest in area; Male |
| Pakistan | this country's new capital reflects its reliion; old capital; Karachi |
| Bangladesh | only the size of WI but 9th largest in population; Dhaka |
| India | 2nd largest in population, this country has over 1 billion people; New Delhi |
| Afghanistan | hindu Kush Mts and deciduous forests north in this rugged nation |
| Pakistan | the Indus River's a lifeline to this arid country; less than 10' of rain a year |
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