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A mutation that occurs on chromosomes #1-22 is an autosomal disorder A mutation that occurs on the sex chromosomes is a sex-linked disorder A _______ involves a change in a single base whereas a ________ involve a segment of a chromosome, a whole chromosome or a set of chromosomes. point mutation... chromosomal mutation When the traits displayed is controlled by one or more genes (such as eye color, hair color, skin color) this is called polygenic inheritance When both alleles are expressed in individuals (such as chickens with black and white feathers or ABO blood types) this is called codominance When there are 2 dominant alleles but neither is fully expressed (such as the color in snap dragons- red, white, and pink) this is called incomplete dominance Which of the following disorders is NOT sex-linked? sickle-cell disease How many sex chromosomes are in a human gamete? one Why are sex-linked diseases more common in men than in women? Men need inherit only one copy of the recessive allele on the X chromosome for the disease to be expressed Mendel conducted his most memorable experiments on peas A chart that shows the relationships among parents and children over more than one generation and is used for genetic analysis is called a pedigree A carrier of a genetic disorder who does not show symptoms is most likely to be heterozygous for the trait and able to transmit it to offspring Fruits that are larger than normal (such as a 10 lb lemon) are results of polyploidy Which represents a genotype for colorblindness? (C-normal, c-colorblind) XcY A female carrier of colorblindness is heterozygous Which genetic trait is most influenced by the environment? weight The matching of A antigens with A antibodies in the blood is agglutination The antigens are _____ found _________. carbohydrates... on the red blood cell The antibodies are ______ found ______. proteins... in the plasma The universal blood donor is type O The universal blood recipient is type AB Research since Mendel's time has established that the law of the segregation of genes during gamete formation applies to all sexually reproducing organisms Mendel's law of independent assortment states that each pair of alleles segregates independently of the other pairs of alleles during gamete formation A testcross is a mating between an individual of unknown genotype and an individual homozygous recessive for the trait of interest Dr. Smith's parents have normal hearing. However, Dr. Smith has an inherited form of deafness. Deafness is a recessive trait that is associated with the abnormal allele d. The normal allele at this locus, associated with normal hearing, is D. Dr. Smith's parents could have which of the following genotypes? Dd and Dd Most genetic disorders of humans are caused by recessive alleles The vast majority of people afflicted with recessive disorders are born to parents who were not affected at all by the disease Amniocentesis and choriionic villus sampling allow for _______ and _________ of the fetus so that it can be tested abnormalities. karyotyping... biochemical testing The mechanism that "breaks" the linkage between linked genes is crossing over The sex chromosome complement of a normal human male is XY Any gene located on a sex chromosome is called a sex-linked gene cystic fibrosis thick heavy mucus clogs lungs phenylketonuria missing an enzyme that breaks down phenylalanine/results in brain damage Tay-Sachs disease missing an enzyme that breaks down lipids in the brain/destroys brain cells hemophilia missing a protein that causes the blood to clot color blindness unable to distinguish red & green colors Huntington's disease degeneration of nerves & breakdown of brain cells/loss of muscle control Duchenne muscular dystrophy missing a protein required for muscle formation sickle-cell disease abnormal hemoglobin causing cells to be sickle shaped