History Exam 2011
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monkey1617 on May 21, 2011
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These are flashcards put together for the history exam and they are made by christinel and monkey1617.
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206 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Jacques Louis David | Napoleon Crossing the Alps; Nationalism; Heroism |
| Francisco Goya | The Shootings of May 3rd 1808; famous Hispanic painter; depicts blood and warfare; France is occupying Spain now and the Spanish hated the French (torture and execution); This depicts an execution scene |
| Delacroix | Liberty Leading the People; painter is French and the painting is after the French Revolution; Lady liberty is triumphant over the monarchy and the oppressors; She is holding the flag of the French revolution. Shows nationalism, using history to show instilled progress; Looks like statue of liberty |
| Theodore Gericault | The Raft of Medusa; French romantic painter; Accurate historical event (there was a French ship that crashed off the coast of Africa); 150 survivors built a raft and drifted for 12 days. Only 15 people survived; Political scandal, people blamed government |
| Caspar David Friedrich | Wander Above the Sea Fog; German romantic painter; Movement towards nature; Man being individual in nature; Individualism/ self reflection |
| Thomas Cole | The Oxbow; leading American romantic painter; Connecticut river- dark vs. light- contrast; Landscape painting |
| JMW Turner | The Slave Ship; bright colors, use of vivid colors; depicts a book about slave trade; A captain threw over his sick or dying slaves so he could get the insurance; Exposes historical ills |
| Beethoven | stretched the boundaries during this time period, music inspires emotion; first master of Romantic music |
| Chopin | he and Liszt popularized the piano |
| Thomas Edison | Invented the first PRACTICAL light bulb that burned for 1,400 hours |
| Thomas Edison | Known as the "Wizard of Menlo Park" |
| Thomas Edison | invented the phonograph, which played music without electricity |
| Thomas Edison | Designed New York City's electrical system |
| telegraphs | what people used before telephones were invented |
| Alexander Graham Bell | Invented the telephone in 1876 |
| Mr. Watson - come here - I want to see you | the first words said over the telephone |
| Hertz and Maxwell | the two men who discovered radio waves |
| Marconi | the first person to send Morse code over radio waves |
| Fessenden | the fist to transmit voice and music over the radio |
| Oh Holy Night | What was the first song played over the radio? |
| Henry Ford | the first person to make automobiles affordable |
| Assembly line | line of workers with each having a specialized task that they do all day long; more efficient, faster, and leaves less room for error |
| Mass production | produce more goods faster and cheaper by machines, known as Fordism as well |
| Interchangeable Parts | identical parts that are used to replace lost parts |
| Kitty Hawk, North Carolina | Where did the Wright Brothers fly the first airplane in 1903 |
| Wilbur and Orville Wright | Who flew the first airplane? |
| Wright Flyer III | The Wright Brothers' third airplane, stayed airborne for half an hour |
| George Eastman | first person to use photographic film to produce images |
| The Kodak Camera | George Eastman's first camera |
| Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony | Co-presidents of the National Woman Suffrage Association in the United States |
| 19th amendment | Which amendment gave women the right to vote in the U.S. in 1920? |
| Lydia Becker | the leader of the suffrage movement in Great Britain |
| Evolution | Charles Darwin's theory of _______ |
| On the Origin of Species | What was Darwin's book in which he presented his theory of evolution? |
| evolution | all life evolved from a simpler form of an organism in the past |
| natural selection | organisms gain or lose traits to survive in their environment |
| Galapagos Islands | Where did Darwin conduct most of his research? |
| of the coast of Ecuador | Where were the Galapagos Islands? |
| shape of beaks | He studied this part of finches |
| Baseball and Football | became popular spectator sports in the United States |
| World Series | The first ______ ______ was held in 1903. |
| Soccer | What was the most popular sport around the world, it still currently is. |
| Summer Olympics | This first international sporting competition was held in 1896 following the Greek tradition. |
| Edwin Porter | Created the first feature film |
| The Great Train Robbery | the first feature film's name |
| Impressionism | Vivid colors, brighter colors, Color to show shadows, Inflict a sense of movement, Short brush strokes , Accurate depiction of light, More urban/focused on industrialization , Single moment in time; wasn't meant to depict an extended image, Objective and subjective feeling of the painting together, Realism |
| Post-Impressionism | Abstract, Return to more conservative forms of art, Symbolism |
| Monet | Who painted Water Lilies? |
| Monet | Who painted Gare Saint Lazare? |
| Renoir | Who painted Moulin de La Galette? |
| Degas | Who painted The Rehearsal? |
| Van Gogh | Who painted Starry Night? |
| Van Gogh | Who painted the Night Cafe? |
| Seurat | Who painted The Sunday Afternoon on La Grande Jatte? |
| Germany, Great Britain, Russia, France, United States, Italy, Japan, Austria- Hungary | Major powers during/after industrialization |
| Nationalism, Imperialism, Militarism, Rival Alliances, International Anarchy | Causes of WWI |
| Romania, Greece, Bulgaria, Serbia, Albania, Montenegro | New nations on the Balkan Peninsula |
| Bismarck | makes alliances with Austria-Hungary and Italy to protect from France; makes a peace treaty with Russia; on good terms with Great Britain |
| Wilhelm II | Fires Bismark because he won't fight France; Believes that his military and army is the best and that his can beat other European powers; Won't renew peace treaty with Russia: Russia sides with France because of this; Becomes rivals with the British navy |
| Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy | Triple Alliance |
| Russia, Great Britain, France | Triple Entente |
| June 28th, 1914 | Date that Franz Ferdinand and his wife are killed in Sarajevo by a Serbian nationalist |
| more resources and men; stronger navy | Advantages of the allied powers |
| best army; Geographically easier to mobilize | Advantages of the central powers |
| Schlieffen Plan | This is Germany's plan of attack: Attack France before Russia can mobilize- speed |
| Great Britain | This nation is the first nation to effectively use the tank |
| airplanes | Mainly used for photography and surveillance |
| Chemical Warfare | Chlorine: Clogged lungs; Mustard gas: Incredibly painful, Blistering agent; Not decisive- couldn't control the gas: Wind, Gas-masks |
| Germany | This nation was the first nation to effectively use the submarine- one of the reasons why United States entered the war |
| Total War | when a nation puts all their resources into the war |
| Rationing | when the government gives you coupons and doles out certain foods |
| Battle of Verdun | Longest/bloodiest Battle; 1 million men will die |
| Battle of Somme | British attack- 6:1; 1st day 60,000 casualties; Advance only 7 miles |
| Eastern Front | Russia and Serbia vs. Austria- Hungary and Germany; A little more mobile than the western front, but still ends as a stalemate; Russia's weaknesses are exposed: Have a lot of men, but are not industrialized; Occupied German troops |
| Ottoman Front | Great Britain attempts to take ports- fail; Forced into trench warfare; High casualties; Forced to retreat |
| Italian Front | Allies; Most of Italian don't support war; Occupy British and French troops |
| Lusitania | passenger ship that the Germans sank with the u-boats |
| Zimmerman note | Intercepted by the British; If Mexico joins Germany's side, then they will help Mexico get their land back |
| Great Spring Offensive | Germany put all of their troops and resources on the western front: One-front war; First time Germany has more troops than the Allies on the western front; Relatively successful; Reached within 40m from Paris; General Foch- Allied commander- major offensive; Led the allied troops against the German offensive; Use the American troops to combat the German offensive; Germany has exhausted their resources: Low on manpower and supplies |
| November 11th, 1918 | date that an armistice is signed between allied commander and Germans to agree to stop fighting; end of war |
| April 6th, 1917 | Date that the U.S. entered into the war |
| League of Nations | International regulatory committee to establish peace and govern peacefully |
| June 28th, 1919 | Date of the Treaty of Versailles |
| autocracy | government where ruler has unlimited power (like an absolute ruler) |
| Romanovs | the people in power in Russia for three centuries |
| Decembrist Revolt | First major revolution in Russia; Demanded a constitution; Czar's reaction: kill leaders/sent to Siberia; influenced by French Revolution |
| Trans Siberian Railroad | Was the longest railroad in the world when it was built |
| Constitutional Democrats | moderates; Want a constitution; Not necessarily against the czar, but they want the czar's power to be limited by a constitution |
| Social Revolutionaries | Want the peasants to overthrow the czar; Goal: rural socialism- land distributed equally; Democratically elected government will distribute the land equally among the Russians |
| Social Democrats | Much more radical than the social revolutionaries; Want the urban working class to overthrow the czar |
| Bolsheviks | Headed by Lenin; Want revolution now; Ultimately victorious because of Lenin |
| Mensheviks | Want to wait for a revolution because they think that they will have more supplies and more people; Anti-Lenin |
| Bloody Sunday/Revolution of 1905 | Workers asking for better working conditions; The czar's general opens fire killing 500+; People lose trust in Nicholas; Outcome: Nicholas II forced to establish the Duma: Russian form of parliament; Nicholas doesn't want to share his power, so it is kind of pointless |
| Rasputin | Becomes Alexandra's advisor; Hired friends to powerful positions; Russians hate him; Represents everything Russians hate; Corrupt; "Russia's greatest love machine" |
| Bread Riots | Riots that were backed by Radical groups; Petrograd; Nicholas II forced to abdicate the throne; Duma elects group of men to serve as provisional government |
| Kerensky | elected leader of Provisional government |
| Treaty of Brest- Litovsk | Russia loses 1/4 of their European territory from this treaty; also lose 1/3 of their population; Lose 80% of their coal/iron industries |
| Stalin | man who is focused on socialism within Russia; Changes his name to mean "man of steel"; Modernize in ten years |
| Trotsky | World socialist revolution like Lenin; Has military training- chief of the Red Army; One of the most intellectual members of the communist party- very strong willed: Has enemies within the party |
| Totalitarian State | A leader or a group that controls every aspect of their citizen's lives |
| No Representative Government, Social Structure, Economic Crisis, Enlightenment Ideas | What were the four underlying causes of the French Revolution? |
| Royal Absolutism | a. Semi-representative body (Estates General) had not met since 1624; Comprised of the three estates- one from each; Each estate gets one vote; 3rd class is the one who was always ruled out; Aristocracy: corrupt and inefficient |
| Marie Antoinette | Young and spending lavish amounts of money for unnecessary items; Austrian; No idea of how 3rd estate live- "let them eat cake!"; wasn't that smart while growing up and she lived a life of luxury; hairstyles; Obsessed with fashion; Madame deficit - came to represent everything that was wrong with French monarchy and political system |
| Rousseau | Man is made bad by society- society's fault; Man should change society; The Social Contract; It should be the majority of society who sets the standards of society |
| Voltaire | Satire of Church/French Society; Mocked the Church- "Crush the infamous thing"; Thought that the 1st and 2nd estates spent to much time on things that didn't matter |
| 1st estate | Clergy; Less than 1% of population; High church ranking officials; Influence on monarchy; Social code over people; Don't pay taxes but give 2% of income to France's monarchy; Make the most money |
| 2nd estate | Nobility; 2% of population; Exempt from all taxes; Own up to 25% of the land |
| 3rd estate | Middle class or Bourgeoisie; Peasants; majority of population |
| Tennis Court Oath | Vow to not disband until there is a written constitution here |
| Storming of the Bastille | Louis loses total control of government; They cut off the head of the guard and put on stake; First violent act |
| March on Versailles | Women marched into the Queen's quarters wanting bread; killed the guards at the palace; came after Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizens |
| Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizens | "The aim of all political association is the preservation of the natural...rights of man. These rights are liberty, property, security, and resist once to oppression."; Limited monarchy- with a representative body.; Rights of man over government; Ends the Estates System; came after Storming of Bastille |
| Civil Constitution of the Clergy | Not liked by the middleclass, so the middleclass try to reform them; Church officials are now elected; Government pays the church salary; State over church |
| Constitution of 1791 | First constitution in France; Document laying out the laws for the French government; Declare a limited monarchy and executive power; Legislative Assembly |
| Split in Legislative Assembly | Conservative- Louis XVI; Moderates- limited monarchy; Jacobins/Radicals- "Republic of virtue"; want more change; Robespierre is part of the Jacobins |
| Robespierre | "incorruptible"; Going to start the Reign of Terror; Seems very peaceful at first |
| Jacobins | "Republic of Virtue"; want more change; pro-revolution; took over legislative assembly |
| Congress of Vienna | Purpose: Redefine borders because Napoleon messed them up; Surround France with strong states; Reestablish the old regime- monarchy |
| Metternich | Represents Austria in Congress of Vienna: leader of the Congress of Vienna; had an affair with Napoleon's sister |
| Castlereagh | Represents Great Britain in the Congress of Vienna: doesn't like Metternich |
| Talleyrand | Represents France in the Congress of Vienna |
| Holy Alliance | Coalition of Russia, Prussia, and Austria |
| Enclosure Movement | when large wealthy landowners buy smaller farms and essentially make bigger farms |
| Jethro Tull | Invented the seed drill- made planting more efficient; increased crop |
| Crop Rotation | Don't need to leave the land unplanted- just plant different plants at different times |
| Selective breeding | made the livestock bigger |
| John Kay | invented the flying shuttle |
| seed drill | made planting more efficient; increased crop |
| flying shuttle | A piece of wood that the thread was on that could be slid through the loom; instead of trying to hand pass it; People could weave wider things and could do it faster; Addition to the loom that made weaving faster and more efficient; Device to help pass a thread through a loom |
| James Hargreaves | invented the spinning jenny |
| spinning jenny | Multi-spool spinning frame; Could spin multiple threads at a time; Instead of hand spinning 1 thread, you could spin many; Overall cost was cheaper |
| water frame | Spinning frame powered by water; only one thread was put in at a time; Minimal labor but 1 thread at a time; Used water power to spin thread; minimal human labor |
| spinning mule | Using water power, it made yard spinning easier and faster (and made finer cloth); Combines spinning jenny and water frame; Spins multiple threads using water power; No human labor |
| putting-out system | system where the machines where at homes where families would make the product at home and bring it in to their employer |
| James Watt | improved steam engines to make them more efficient; Allowed it to use 75% less coal than before; Replaced water power with steam power; Factories do not need to be built along the river; Sparks new revolutions in transportation |
| canal | man-made waterway; transport raw materials and manufactured materials |
| George Stephenson | made the first steam-powered locomotive |
| Bourgeoisie | Factory owners, large farm owners, capitalists/investors; Wealthy and getting wealthier |
| Middle Class | Managers, skilled workers, small business owners; Live a comfortable life style but don't have a surplus of money; Stay the same; Grow slowly |
| Working Class | Factory workers, small farmers, farm laborers, coal mines, railroad builders; Make up majority of the population |
| Rural emigration | People moving from region to region within the same country |
| Samuel Slater | Man accredited of beginning the process; English; Toured factories in England; Memorized how the spinning machines were built and worked; Goes to U.S. and builds spinning machine by memory |
| Adam Smith | Wealth of Nations; Father of capitalism |
| Capitalism | Individual or private firms own the business in the economic; no government interference; supply and demand; competition |
| Laissez faire | Economy will regulate itself- doesn't need government; Government of hands off the economy |
| Jeremy Bentham | believed in utilitarianism |
| Utilitarianism | Your able to judge how good something is and how right something is; Applies to laws, political institutions, actions |
| John Stuart Mills | Government needs to get involved to even the playing field; Goes against laissez faire; Monopolies; When one person or a group of people control the entire industry |
| Thomas Malthus | Uses population statistics to look at the economy; Population doubles every 20, so we will run out of resources; Natural disasters and diseases naturally decrease the population |
| Socialism | the belief that the wealth of a country should be shared equally. Controlled by community/government |
| Robert Owen | Regulator of Utopian Socialism; Transformed his factory to make it perfect- Abolish child labor, Build schools to educate the children, Increase wages, Lowering working hours, Pay women the same as men, Improves factory conditions, Decreasing his profit to do this, Failure |
| Friedrich Engels | Money behind Karl Marx; Supports Marx's family; First wealthy person to write about the ills of the factories and working class; Father owned Factory in Manchester; From the wealthy class; Wrote: The Condition of the Working Class |
| Karl Marx | steps toward a socialist society; Exiled in numerous countries for his political beliefs- end up in London; Friends with Engels- collaborate; Leader in socialism- revolutionary socialism; Economic forces drives history; Class struggle- "haves" "have nots" |
| Communist Manifesto | Document that lays out the steps for socialist society |
| imperialism | The policy of extending one country's rule over many lands (economically, politically, socially) |
| industrial revolution, nationalism, balance of power, and superiority to other countries | what are the causes of imperialism? |
| Kipling | wrote the "White Man's Burden" |
| Herbert Spencer | father of social Darwinism |
| social Darwinism | Survival of the fittest- to prove that certain people are better than others; Tries to look for scientific backing for his theories about how white people are better that black |
| natural and industrial resources, trade/ports, strong navy and army, money, colonization, stable government, no fighting on their soil | What were some causes to Great Britain being the leader of imperial power? |
| Great Rebellion | Ammunition coatings were covered in pork and beef fat- Offended because it went against their religion (Hindu and Muslim); send British soldiers to suppress the rebellion; Company is in debt to British crown and give up a lot of their power |
| King Leopold of Belgium | sends officials into the Congo to establish trade; Did not go in there to occupy- just wanted it for trade/natural resources |
| Berlin Conference | No African Representatives- set up guidelines for how to conquer Africa: If you want to take over territory, you have to let everybody else know; Once an area of land has been conquered, you must occupy it; Peace treaties with African tribes- act as titles for the land |
| Ethiopia and Liberia | Which two African nations remained independent? |
| Zulu tribe | Large tribe- occupies most of South Africa; Well-trained in fighting; Leader was known for being a ruthless military man |
| Boers | Dutch that had settled in South Africa: Calvinists, Simplists, Farmers, First ones that encounter the Zulu tribe- Live with them in harmony until the age of imperialism: their relationship is strained |
| Cecil Rhodes | Owned 90% of the world's diamonds at one time- De Beer Mining Company; Very successful; prime minister of South America |
| Boer War | British wants to control Cape town to Cairo; Wants the whole African coast for trade; British was suppose to defeat- 100,000 men against 450,000 men; Eventually Britain will win |
| Canton | the one port in China that was open to foreign trade |
| Opium | China gets hooked on this drug that the British introduced |
| Opium War | War in which China attempts to ban opium; Britain wins; ends with the Treaty of Nanjing |
| Treaty of Nanjing | Open 4 more ports to trade; British gets Extraterritorial rights; China was required to pay the for all the opium that was destroyed and war cost; Britain gets Hong Kong |
| Spheres of Influence | economic interests of foreign powers outweighed China's interests; Other industrialized nations try to take over parts of the Chinese economy |
| Taiping Rebellion | Hong and his rebel army; Wants a new government- "Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace."; Greatly influenced by Christian missionaries; Nationalism; Builds an army of over a million followers; Defeated and killed by foreign troops |
| Open Door Policy | Open trade in China: China should not attempt to be isolated; Protected China from Colonization- Other countries do not physically have to conquer the land if they can trade freely; Protected United States trade rights |
| Boxer Rebellion | "Death to the foreign devils": Introduces ideas of nationalism- nationalist movement; Defeated by a coalition of European troops |
| Matthew Perry | US representative that sails to Japan with large ships and ends the Japanese isolation with trade agreement |
| Meiji Restoration | Enlightened time in Japanese history: Reforms socially and economically; Military Reforms- Build an army and navy; Instill nationalism in education system; Go to war with China and Russia |
| Russo-Japanese War | Japan is victorious; Gain a reputation as a rival against western nations |
| United States and Japan | What nations were economically better off after WWI? |
| coalitions | an alliance between political parties in a country |
| Weimer republic | The democratic government in Germany after WWI; problems with it is that people hate the government and the German economy is still bad |
| Inflation | value of the dollar is decreasing while the price of goods is increasing |
| Dawes Plan | US will lend Germany $200 million dollars; also come up with a realistic plan for Germany to pay back reparations |
| Charles Dawes | comes up with a successful plan for Germany to improve their economy; American |
| Kellogg Briand Pact | Independent nations renounce war with this pact |
| Black Thursday | when the New York stock exchange crashes |
| The New Deal | FDR's plan to create a series of public work programs which provided jobs |
| Role of classes and capitalism | What are the main differences between Fascism and Communism? |
| Mussolini | Leader of the Fascist Party in Italy |
| Blackshirts | Fascist thugs that use violence to terrorize socialists and communists; eliminate Mussolini's opponents |
| Adolf Hitler | Against the Treaty of Versailles and against the German Republic; wrote "Mein Kamp": My Struggle; Leader of the Nazis in Germany |
| Great Britain and Russia | What two nations avoided the year of revolutions in 1848? |
| Napoleon III | Elected president but issued a plebiscite vote to become Emperor of France; promoted industrialization, built the suez canal, and did many improvements to the economy; greedy and not as smart as Napoleon I |
| Crimean War | A war in which France and Great Britain are against Russia; Russia wanted the Ottoman Empire for ports but Great Britain and France do not want a competitor; "pointless war"; Florence Nightingale helped with this and many new technology were used to make the people aware of the true nature of war |
| Treaty of Paris | treaty issued after the Crimean war in which Russia lost; two points - no navy in the Black Sea and no coming to the defense of Orthodox Christians; Russia is more limited than before |
| Giusappe Mazzini | part of Young Italy (gathers youth of Italy to unify Italy based on Nationalism); no specific plan |
| Camillo di Cavour | Prime minister of Italy; wants to unify Italy and has a specific plan in doing so; wants to unify Northern Italy where Austria has a lot of influence (so he asks France for help because there is a rivalry between France and Austria) |
| Giuseppe Garibaldi | unifies Southern Italy; revolutionary group that he creates is "The Red Shirts" successful in Southern Italy, push out Spanish |
| King William I | King of Prussia |
| Danish war | Bismarck tests out Denmark; gains territory |
| Seven weeks war | war with Austria, Austria kicked out of the German confederation; Austria is weakened - dual monarchy with Hungary |
| Franco-Prussian War | Bismarck changed a few words in a telegraph to instigate a war between the French and the Prussians. |
| September 1st, 1939 | Official start of WWII |
| June 6th, 1944 | D-Day - the United States and Great Britain land in France; Germany retreats |
| December 7th, 1941 | Pearl Harbor - Japan bombs the United States |
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