Bio SAT: Chapter 3
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67 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 at the elemental level, all life is composed primarily of... | carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorous, and sulfur or CHNOPS |
| inorganic compounds | do not contain carbon |
| organic compounds | include carbon |
| polar covalent | water; has a positively charged side and a negatively charged side; since the molecule is bent its unequal charge distribution makes one end positive and the other end negative |
| covalent | atoms share electrons |
| dipole moment | unequal distribution of charge |
| hydrogen bonds | partial positive and negative charges of water attract each other |
| more heat= | more rapid movement of molecules |
| liquid hydrocarbons | very low boiling points because molecules are held together very weakly |
| ice is less _____ than water | dense |
| ice being less dense than water allows it to... | float on top of water and prevent layers of water beneath it from freezing |
| true or false? water molecules are charged | false |
| dipole-dipole interactions | interactions that water can form with sugar molecules, displacing their interactions with each other and allowing the molecules to leave the crystal to float surrounded by water molecules |
| solvent | substance that does the dissolving |
| solute | molecules that are dissolved |
| molarity | the number of moles of solute in one liter |
| acid | proton donor |
| base | proton acceptor |
| proton | H+; hydrogen atom stripped of its single electron, leaving a positively charged proton |
| HCI--> | H+ + CI- |
| Water as an acid | H2O-->H+ + OH- |
| Water as a base | H+ + H2O-->H3O+ |
| hydrocarbon chain | basic backbone of organic molecules; upon which functional groups are found |
| hydroxyl (OH) | contained in polar compounds such as alcohols and carbohydrates; polar; increases water solubility; involved in hydrogen bonds |
| carbonyl (C=O) | polar; double bond between C and O contained in aldehydes and ketons, including formaldehyde |
| Carboxyl (COOH) | polar groups; contained in carboxylic acids; lose H+ ions to form acids like vinegar; have negative charge when lose proton; in fatty acids and amino acids |
| Amino (NH2) | polar; found in methylamine and amino acids; can be primary, secondary, or tertiary; can act as bases; primary become positively charged when protonated in molecules like amino acids; |
| carbohydrates/sugars/saccharides | functions: important roles in engery metabolism and store, and structure of cell and organism; C:H:O=1:2:1 |
| cellulose | provides cell wall of plants; single most abundant biological molecule on earth |
| monosaccharides | simple sugars; glucose and fructose; CHO 121; |
| disaccharides | sugars with two monomers |
| polysacharides | sugars with lots of monomers; glycogen, starch, and cellulose; carbohydrates formed by joining many monosaccarides together into large ploymers |
| stereochemistry | ... |
| chiral carbons | a carbon with four nonequivalent groups attached; make sugars optically active |
| glycosidic linkages | covalent bonds formed between simple sugars |
| maltose | disaccharide formed by joining two glucose molecules together |
| dehydration reaction | reaction to form the disaccharide; water molecule is removed in the process |
| hydrolysis | reaction to form two glucose molecules from a single maltose; addition of a water molecule |
| sucrose | common table sugar; made of a glucose molecule and a fructose molecule joined together |
| Lipids (fats and oils | very nonpolar; tend to repel water; play important roles in energy metabolism and in cellular membranes; CHO; long-term energy storage in animals |
| triglycerides | lipids used by animals to store energy |
| fatty acids | ... |
| ester linkages | ... |
| glycerol | ... |
| phospholipids | lipid molecules with polar phosphate-containing "heads" on one end and nonpolar fatty acid "tails" on the other end; when mixed with water, will spontaneously form structures with the fatty acids gather together to keep out water and the phosphate group pointing out toward water; glycerol, two fatty acids; phosphate group, lecithin |
| lecithing | a nitrogen-containing alcohol; major constituent of lipid bilayer cell membranes |
| waxes | esters of fatty acids and alcohols; form protective coatings |
| steroids | three fused cyclohexane rings and one fused cyclopentane ring |
| cartotenoids | conjugated double bonds and carry six-membered carbon rings at each end; pigments; produce red, yellow, orange, and brown colors in blants and animals; carotnes and xanthophylls |
| proteins | provide cells with the ability to carry out many functions; polymers formed by joining amino acids together during translation |
| peptide bonds | how amino acids are joined together in a chain |
| polypeptide | string of amino acids |
| protein folding | process by which bonds in the ploypeptide flexibly rotate and allow the amino acids in the polypeptide chain to fold flexibly in many different ways; determined by the order and identity of the amino acids |
| four levels of protein structure | primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary |
| primary level of protein structure | sequence of the amino acids joined together in the linear polypeptide chain |
| secondary level of protein structure | includes regular repeating elements of folding that involve interactions between functional groups of local neighbors in the polypeptide |
| tertiary level of structure | folding due to boding between side chains of the various amino acids |
| quaternary level of protein structure | results from interactions between different polypeptides to form a single functional unit |
| enzymes | biological catalysts to speed up reactions and make them useful for living organisms |
| substrates | reactants in enzymatic reactions |
| transition state | unstable high-energy state which chemicals must pass through to become products |
| activation energy | amount of energy required to reach the transition state |
| active site | three-dimensional binding pocket contained in the folded polypeptide; in which reaction is catalyzed; contain specific amino acids precisely oriented in the protein's structure to form a substrate binding pocket |
| enzyme activity | amount of catalysis by an enzyme |
| saturability | at a certain point, adding more reactants faster will not produce products faster only in enzyme-catalyzed reactions |
| V max | maximal reaction rate observed with the saturated enzyme |
| specificity | to fit in the active site and be used as a substrate, a chemical must have the specific shape of the substrate that the enzyme recognizes, determined by the precise orientation of amino acids in the binding pocket |
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