EPIC COLOSSAL "OUT OF THIS WORLD" SCIENCE FINALE STUDY GUIDE OF AWESOMENESS
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Created by:
kkitaoka on May 23, 2011
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Made by Collin and Kellie! I combined mine, Kara's, and Collin's quizlets. Please tell me if I spelled something wrong, or if you think something is not needed. Okay, thanks : )
LONG EPIC TITLES FTW!
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Hanalani Study Buddy Group (Freshman)
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291 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Geology | The study of the earth |
| Crust, Mantle, Core | Earth can be divided into what three major sections? |
| Crust | Earth's most outer layer of rock |
| Granite | The portion of the crust underlying the continents is composed of __________. |
| Sediment | Deposits of sand and mineral fragments |
| Oxygen | The most abundant element in the earth's crust. |
| Mohorovicic Discontinuity (Moho) | The boundary between the crust and the mantle. |
| Gutenberg Discontinuity | The boundary between the mantle and the core. |
| Core | The central portion of the earth's interior. |
| solid | The inner core is thought the be ______ |
| Plate Tectonics | Theory that states that the earth's crust and upper mantle consist of huge plates that slowly drift as a result of convection currents in the mantle. |
| Continental Drift Hypothesis | The hypothesis in which all the present-day continents were at one time connected into a huge land mass called Pangaea. |
| Normal, Strike-slip, Thrust | Three types of faults |
| Normal Fault | A type of fault that results when rocks along one side of a fault sink vertically. |
| Strike-slip Fault | A type of fault that results when rocks along one side of a fault move horizontally along the fault. |
| Thrust Fault | A type of fault that results when rocks on one side of a fault move on top of the rocks on the other side. |
| Fold | The formation produced by the bending or buckling of rocks under great force. |
| Syncline | A trough-like structure formed when rocks are folded downward. |
| Anticline | Arch-like structure formed when rocks are folded upward. |
| Volcanic, Domed, Folded, Fault-block | What are the four types of mountains? |
| Volcanic Mountain | Type of mountain formed when molten rock erupts from a hole in the earth's crust. |
| Domed Mountain | Mountain that is formed when molten rock is forced beneath an overlying rock layer |
| Folded Mountain | Type of mountain formed when the edges of two adjacent rock layers are pushed violently together, causing the layers to buckle like a wrinkled rug. |
| Fault-block Mountain | Type of mountain formed when rocks on one side of a fault are forced upward and rocks on the other side are forced downward. |
| Tremors | Weak earthquakes with a magnitude less than 3 |
| Aftershocks | Small earthquakes that often follow a larger earthquake at frequent intervals for days or even months. |
| Seismology | The study of earthquakes |
| Elastic Rebound Theory | States that rocks spring back to a position of little or no strain at the moment of an earthquake, causing vibrations in the earth's crust. |
| San Andreas Fault | A large, well-known strike-slip fault in western California. |
| Focus | The point deep in the earth at which an earthquake begins. |
| Epicenter | The point on the earth's surface directly about the point at which an earthquake begins. |
| Shallow-focus, Intermediate-focus, deep-focus | Three classifications according to depth (Earthquakes) |
| Primary, Secondary, Surface | Three types of seismic waves. |
| Primary Waves | Earthquake waves consisting of a rhythmic push-pull motion in the direction of wave travel. |
| Secondary Waves | Earthquake waves consisting of a rhythmic side to side motion at right angles to the direction of wave travel. |
| Surface Wave | Earthquake waves that travel along the earth's surface. |
| Seismograph | An instrument used to record the vibrations caused by earthquakes. |
| Circum-Pacific Belt | A zone containing 80% of all the world's earthquakes. |
| Richter Scale | The most famous scale of earthquake strength, which rates earthquakes on a scale of 1 to 10. |
| Vent | The channel in a volcano through which gases, ash, and molten rock are ejected from the earth's interior. |
| Magma | Molten rock beneath the surface of the earth. |
| Cinder-cone, Shield, Composite | Three types of volcanoes. |
| Cinder-cone Volcano | A type of volcano consisting primarily of erupted volcanic ash and rock fragments held loosely together. |
| Shield Volcano | A broad, gently sloping volcano built up of large quantities of highly fluid lava that hardens into rock. |
| Active Volcano | A volcano that has erupted in the last 50 years. |
| Dormant Volcano | A volcano that has not erupted in the last 50 years. |
| Extinct Volcano | A volcano that will probably not erupt again. |
| Ring of Fire | The most important volcanic belt, a narrow zone of active volcanoes that nearly encircles the Pacific basin. |
| Pahoehoe | Lava that hardens into a smooth-textured rock with a ropy appearance |
| Aa | Lava that hardens into rough, jagged rocks with a crumbly texture. |
| Pyroclast | Particles or blocks of volcanic ejecta |
| Volcanic Bomb | Large almond or teardrop-shaped pyroclasts formed when lava solidifies while hurtling through the air. |
| Nuee Ardente | A superheated, incandescent cloud of gas and volcanic ash that flows swiftly down a volcanic slope as an avalanche. |
| Caldera | A bowl-shaped hollow more than 2 miles wide, formed by the collapse of an underground magma chamber. |
| Lava Tunnel | An underground tunnel formed when the surface of a large lava flow hardens before the lave beneath. |
| Dike | Vertical, sheet-like intrusions formed when magma hardens in a vertical crack or fissure. |
| Laccolith | Dome-like igneous intrusion formed when magma bulges overlying rocks upward. |
| Sill | Horizontal, sheet-like igneous intrusion formed when magma hardens in a horizontal crack or fissure. |
| ore | any mineral that contains a valuable metallic element |
| iron | a commonly used metal in household and industrial products |
| iron | the second most common metal in the earth's crust |
| copper | reddish-orange metal that is a good conductor of electricity and easy to shape into thin strands |
| brass, bronze | two alloys of copper |
| aluminum | a lightweight, silvery metal extracted from the common mineral bauxite |
| aluminum | the most abundant metal in the earth's surface |
| lead | a metal that's used for radiation shielding, automobile batteries, and small arms ammunition; |
| nickel | a metal that's used in stainless steel , electrical heating elements, cetain scientific instruments, and magnets |
| tin | a metal that's used to plate other metals to prevent corrosion |
| zinc | a metal that's used to prevent corrosion as well as to make coins |
| uranium | a metal that's used as fuel for nuclear reactors |
| precious metals | metals valued for their for their durability, rarity, and beauty |
| gold | most malleable of all metals |
| silver | most reflective of all metals |
| silver | in its purest form, it is the best known conductor of heat and electricity at normal temperatures |
| precious stones | beautiful mineral crstals prized for their hardness, color and "fire" |
| precious metals | platinum, gold, and silver are _________ ________. |
| diamond | the hardest substance known to man |
| true | True/false Only a diamond can scratch another diamond. |
| diamond pipes | vertical underground deposits that resemble the vents of extinct volcanoes |
| corundum | ruby and sapphire are two different forms of this mineral |
| ruby | a precious stone that has a crimson color because of the traces of the element chromium |
| sapphire | a precious stone that is a distinct blue due to its traces of iron or titanium |
| True | True/false Genuine rubies and sapphires can be produced in the laboratory. |
| beryl | emerald and aquamarine are forms of this mineral |
| emerald | a precious stone that has a deep green color because of the chomium oxide |
| aquamarine | a precious stone that has a blue-green color due to traces of iron oxide |
| semiprecious stones | gems that aren't as rare, durable, or esteemed as precious stones |
| true | True/false Diamonds are mostly imported from Brazil, India, and South Africa. |
| false (red spinel) | True/false Ruby is often confused with the semiprecious stone amethyst. |
| false (platinum) | True/false Silver is commonly used in electronic devices, surgical tools, and dental work due to its resistance to corrosion. |
| Rock | A hard material that composes the earth's crust. |
| Igneous Rocks | Rocks formed from molten rock. |
| Sedimentary Rocks | Rocks formed from sediments cemented by water, pressure and chemical action. |
| Metamorphic Rocks | Rocks formed from alterations in rocks by heat and pressure. |
| Granite | The most common of all igneous rocks and is classified as coarse-grained igneous rock. |
| Gabbro | A dense, coarse-grained intrusive igneous rock that ranges from dark green to black. |
| Rhyolite | Has the same general composition of granite. |
| Basalt | The most abundant fine-grained extrusive rock. |
| Obsidian | "Volcanic glass;" Best example of amorphous igneous rock. |
| Pumice | Super light weight porous rock that can float in water. |
| Scoria | "Volcanic Slag;" formed the same way as pumice, but has larger pores and darker color. |
| Shale | The most common sedimentary rock. |
| Sandstone | Coarser than shale and consists of grains of sand cemented together in rock. |
| Chalk | Type of limestone formed from skeletons of microscopic sea animals. |
| Conglomerate Rock | Smooth pebbles embedded in hardened clay or sand. |
| Breccia | Rough, angular rock fragments instead of smooth pebbles. |
| Organic Sediments | The remains of once-living plants and animals (not called fossils.) |
| Limestone | One of the most common forms of organic sedimentary rock. |
| Fossil Fuel | Coals that are used for fuel and derived from once-living organic sedimentary rock. |
| Stratum | Consists of a single bed or layer of rock, regardless of its thickness. |
| Law of Superposition | Only undisturbed strata that lies in sequence in the order in which they were laid down. |
| Weathering | The process by which rocks are broken down by the forces of nature. |
| Physical, Chemical | Two types of weathering: _________ and _________ weathering |
| Physical Weathering | The breakdown of rocks by physical forces of wear and tear, such as ice, rapid changes in temperature, and grit carried by wind and running water. |
| False | (True/False) Physical Weathering changes the chemical composition of rocks. |
| Ice Wedging | Type of weathering that occurs when rainwater soaks into the cracks in a rock, and freezes, splitting the rock. |
| Exfoliation | A type of weathering associated with granite that involves the breaking or peeling away of rock layers. |
| Mechanical stress | Exfoliation is caused by ___________ ________. |
| Chemical Weathering | The chemical reaction of minerals in rock with air or water which changes the chemical composition of the original rock, causing the rock to dissolve or crumble. |
| carbonic acid | What affects the ph level? (i d k if that is the right definition... tell what it is if you know it!) |
| True | (True/False) Chemical Weathering changes the composition of the original minerals. |
| Porous vs. Non-porous, fine-grained vs. course grained, acidity of the water, temperature, humidity | The rate of chemical weathering is affected by things like... (5) |
| Erosion | The carrying away of rock fragments such as by wind or runnning water. |
| True | (True/False) Rain can cause erosion. |
| Runoff | Excess water that pools up on the ground during a rainstorn and flows downhill. |
| Sheetwash | The stripping away of topsoil by a runoff. |
| Grass | Planting ______ on slopes of a hill can dramatically reduce sheetwash. |
| Gullying | Running water which carves a channel, or gully, in the ground that cannot be repaired by ordinary cultivation. |
| Water Table | The level of standing ground water beneath the earth's surface. |
| River | A large stream that carries water from the mountains to the sea. |
| Load | The sediments carried by a stream. |
| False | (True/False) The lower the gradient, the larger the sediments carried. |
| Drainage Basin | A region of land drained by a stream or river system. |
| divides | Drainage basins are determined by ________. |
| Divide | A high ridge separating two adjoining drainage basins. |
| Mississippi | The largest drainage basin of the U.S. is drained by the _________ River system. |
| Great Divide | The western boundary of the Mississippi basin is the _________________. |
| Rocky | The Great Divide is of the _________ Mountains. |
| Appalachian Divide | The eastern boundary of the Mississippi basin is the ___________________. |
| Eastern Continental Divide | Another name for the Appalachian Divide |
| Tributaries | Streams that feed into a river at various points along its course. |
| Flood Plain | The level or nearly the level of land that borders a river and is covered by river water during the flood season. |
| Levees | A natural ridge that may be formed along the edge of the river's channel. |
| Meanders | Winding, looping curves in a river on a flat, flood plain. |
| Oxbow Lake | A type of lake formed when a sharp curve in a river is cut off the rest of the river. |
| Delta | A fan-shaped deposit of sediments at the mouth of a river. |
| Alluvial Fan | A fan-shaped deposit of sediment at the mouth of a dry stream bed in the desert. |
| Limestone | The type of rock most commonly associated with caverns is _________. |
| Kentucky | In _________, there is a cave system that runs 348 miles in length. |
| Stalactite | A buildup of dripstone which forms a hanging icicle-like mass of calcium carbonate. |
| Stalagmite | A spire-like mass of dripstone on the floor of a cave. |
| Sink hole | A large, funnel-shaped depression in the ground caused when the roof of a cavern collapses. |
| Beach | Gently sloping coasts covered by sand or pebbles |
| Bar | Ridge of sand or gravel offshore from the beach. |
| Barrier Island | Large offshore bars |
| Sound | The body of water lying between a barrier island and the coast. |
| Promontories | Headlands that project out into the sea along deep-water shorelines. |
| Sea Arches | Narrow formations of rock that arch out into the water from the coast. |
| Karst | ________ regions are were limestones are found. (I think) |
| Glacier | Thick ice sheet that slowly moves under its own weight |
| Antarctica, Greenland | Where can many glaceirs be found? |
| Continental glacier, Valley Glacier | Two types of glacier |
| Continental Glacier | Vast sheets of glacial ice that cover huge areas of relatively flat land. |
| Ice caps | Small ice sheets of glacial ice that cover flat land |
| Norway, Iceland | Where can ice caps be found? |
| Valley Glaciers | Smaller highland glaciers that are numerous. Can be thought of as rivers of ice that flow slowly down valleys n mountainous regions. |
| Alpine glacier | Another name for Valley glacier |
| Crevasses | When the surface of a glacier often develops deep cracks or fissures. |
| Cirque | When a valley glacier slowly coops out a huge bowl shaped depression |
| Horn | Three or more cirques cut into a mountain peak, they transform it into a sharp steeple-shaped point. |
| Matterhorn | Example of a horn in the swis alps |
| Striae | When large hard rocks push along by the glacier and produce deep grooves and stratches. |
| Retreats | When a glacier partially melts |
| Till | When the glacier partially melts, it produces huge quantites of broken rock that are dumped uncermoniously on the ground. |
| Moraine | A heap or ridge of till left by retreating glacier |
| Drumlins | When a glacier advances again in the winter, it may overrun its old moraines smoothing the till into low hills |
| Bunker Hill | A foamous landmark that is an example of a drumlin |
| Outwash | When a glacier melts, streams of water often develop beneath it, wahsing sand, gravel,and other sediments from beneath the ice. These deoposits are called... |
| Kettles | Large holes left from the melthing of huge chuncks of glacial ice lodged in till or outwash |
| Kettle lake | When a kettle fills with water |
| Ice age | Period of widespread glaciation |
| False | True or false. Glaciers and cold weather covered the entire earth during the Ice age |
| Deflation | The removal of loose particles of sand and soil by the wind |
| Blowouts | When the wind forms shallow hollows or depressions in arid regions. |
| Desert Pavement | Remaining barren, rocky surface common in some windy desert regions from an area that has been blown away by many years of deflation |
| Sand storms | Strong windstorms in arid regions |
| Dust storms | Another term for sand storm, strong windstorms in arid regions |
| Leoss | When a sever dust storm weakens, it often drops its load as a thick blanket of clay and silt over a large area. These deposits are called... |
| Sand dunes | Huge heapos of loose, windlown sand common in deserts and near beaches. |
| Crescent dunes | Most common dune, sickle-shaped. |
| Parabolic Dunes | Superficially similar to crescent dunes except that the open end of the arch points to the leeward side. |
| Transverse dunes | dunes that resemble ocean swells or waves. |
| Abrasion | The sandblasting action of windblown sand in the rocky desert that sculps exposed masses of soft rok and rounds their edges. |
| Mass wasting | Downslope movements of rock and soil caused by gravity |
| Soil creep | Most widespread form of slow mass wasting. The dosnwlope movement of soil and rock fragments. |
| Mudflows | Rapid movement of loos, water saturated soil. (type of mass wasting) |
| Landslides | Sudden slide of huge masses of rock or soil |
| Debris Slide | One type of landslide that involves rock fragments, soi, and other loose materials |
| Rockslide | A landslide consisting primarily of bedrock |
| Avalanche | A type of landslide that involves ice, snow, rock fragments, etc. that can be triggered by a sharp noise or other disturbance. |
| Rockfall | A form of mass wasting which occurs when individual rock fragments break off the sides of a steep cliff, such as by exfoliation. |
| Terracing | Modifying a smooth slope into a series of level, stairlike steps to prevent erosion. |
| Strip-cropping | Alternating stips of erosion-prone crops with strips of erosion preventing crops |
| Breakwaters | Objects designed to reduce the force of waves to prevent corosion. |
| Evolution | The false belief that the universe (and all that is in it) originated by natural processes over billions and billions of years. |
| Special Creation | Refers to God's work of calling the universe and all that is in it into existence. Ex nihilo (out of nothing) |
| faith | Both the concepts of Special Creation and Evolution must be accepted by ___________. |
| Bible | The basis of Special revelation (Special Creation) ois the __________. |
| man's guesses | The basis of Evolutionary origins is _______ _________. |
| Theistic Evolution | A modified form of evolutionary hypothesis which attempts to reconcile the Bible and Evolution. |
| Biological Evolution | Organic evolution; Refers to the gradual development of llife on Earth. |
| Cosmic Evolution | Refers to the chance origin of the universe as a whole. |
| True | (True/False) Science CANNOT make authoritive statements about the origin of the earth. |
| Principle of Uniformity | The assumption/idea that the natural laws in operation today have existed throughout the earth's history. |
| Uniformitarianism | The hypothesis that the natural process have been operating in the same manner at the same rate throughout earth's history. |
| Charles Lyell | Uniformitarianism was popularized by whom? (First and last name.) |
| Principles of Geology | What book did Lyell write? |
| Charles Darwin | Who popularized Evolution? (First and last name.) |
| On the Origin of Species, 1859 | What book did Darwin write? What year did he write it in? |
| nature | The very cornerstone of the evolutionary philosophy is that man is a product of _________. |
| God, responsibilities | Evolution is a concept that attempts to free man from _______ and his ____________ to his Creator. |
| Fossils | The remains or impressions of plants, animals, and human preserved in sedimentary rock. |
| Paleontology | The study of fossils. |
| Petrified, print, mold, resin, whole-specimen | Different types of fossils (5; DON'T add the word "fossils" after each one.) |
| Geological Column | An arrangement of rock layers supposedly charting the course of the earth's history. |
| eras | Geological Column's major time divisions. |
| Index Fossils | "Guide fossils," are considered characteristics of a specific period and are used to identify rock layers in the field. |
| Hypothetical Arrangement | The Geologic Column is a __________ ___________ of fossils and rocks according to evolutionary assumptions. |
| Circular Reasoning | _______ _______ is when something is based on the very assumption it attempts to prove. |
| Radiometric Dating | A dating technique based on the decay of radiometric elemnts into "daughter" elements. |
| assumptions, person | Radiometric dates are largely determined by the __________ of the ________ doing to dating. |
| Misplaced Fossils | Another problem with the geologicval column is that fossils are commonly found in the "wrong" order in apparently undisturbed strata. |
| Anomalies | These "Misplaced" fossils. |
| Living Fossils | Kinds of animals that disappear abruptly from the fossil record, yet are still alive today. |
| Coelacanth | For many years this FISH was taught to be the ancestor of the first amphibions. |
| James Ussher | Who calculated when the flood began? (First and last name) |
| 450, 75, 45 | Noah's Ark was ______ ft. long; ______ ft. wide, and ______ ft. high. |
| 3 | Noah's Ark had _______ internal decks |
| kind (not necessarily species) | The Ark was designed to hold a pair of every ________ of land animals. |
| 40 | The Flood caused _____ days of torrential rains. |
| ideal | The conditions of the Flood were ______ for fossil formations. |
| Catastrophic burial | The VERY EXISTENCE of fossils implies _________ ________. |
| quickly | In order for fossils to form it MUST BE buried _________. |
| Fossil Graveyard | Large complications of fossils in one area. |
| Nebraska | Famous Fossil Graveyard location. (State) |
| Polystrate Fossils | Fossils that extend through multiple strata. |
| Transitional Forms | "Missing Links" which help show signs of evolving from one kind of organism into another. |
| Lack of Transitional forms | What is the MOST IMPORTANT evidence against Evolution in the Fossil Record? |
| Cambrian Explosion | Cambrian rock mistakes of Evolution; They blame it on the _________ _________. (i d k if this definition is right) |
| Seymouria | The supposed "links" between amphibians and reptiles. |
| Archaeopteryx | The supposed "link" between reptiles andd birds. |
| Eohippus | "Dawn horse," Dog-sized mammal that evolved through a series of stages in the modern-day horse. |
| Natural Selection | The idea that the fittest and strongest of each species were more likely to survivie and reproduce than weaker, poorly adapted animals. |
| helpful; harmful | Mutations aren't ________, but ________. |
| Punctuated Equilibrium Hypothesis | Theory that suggests that new kinds of organisms arise as a result of drastic environmental changes, which cause drastic genetic changes. |
| False | (True/False) Missing links of humans to apes have been found. |
| smaller, smaller, acute | Differences between man and ape: Man have ______ canine teeth, ______ jawbone, Less ______ facial angle, etc. |
| Primata | Evolutionists place man in the order of __________. |
| Dryopithecus | Claimed by some evolutionist in the late 19th century to be a common ancestor for apes and humans, even though fossil evidences consited only of a few teeth and jaw fragmetnts. |
| Ramapithecus | An early "link" in the supposed genealogy of man that was discarded as a potential human ancestor in 1979, when complete skull was discovered and found to be a modern orangutan. |
| Australopithecus afarensis | Nickname "Lucy," it is an extinct chimpanzee which may have been able to walk kupright like a pygmy chimpanzee. |
| Homo Habilis | "Handy man" a missing link announced in 1964. It appears to be a small, chimpanzee-like creature with a small brain... |
| Australopithecus africanus | "Taung child" |
| Java man, Peking man | Homo Erectus examples (2) |
| Neanderthal man | A fossilized man originally discovered in a valley in Germany. |
| Cro-Magnon man | Was discovered in Southwest France |
| True | (True/False) Neither Creation or Evolution can be "proved" scientifically. |
| God's Word | Ultimately, we believe in Special Creation, not because of fossil evidence, but because _______ _______ says that God created the Universe! |
| lithosphere | "sphere of stone" |
| Mauna Kea | the tallest mountain on the earth; example of volcanic mountain |
| Black Hills | located in South Dakota; examples of domed mountains |
| Appalachian, Rockies | two sets of mountains in the United States; examples of folded mountains |
| Sierra Nevada | located in California; example of a fault-block mountain |
| faulting | sudden movement of rock masses along a fault |
| fault scarp | a short cliff caused by the "rebound" of rocks |
| slickenslides | smooth-faced fault scarps |
| Mediterranean Trans-Asiatic belt | zone including 15% of earth's earthquakes |
| Mercalli scale | twelve point scale measuring earthquakes based on damage |
| ejecta | any substance emitted by an active volcano |
| lava | molten rock that flows from volcanoes |
| mineral | inorganic crystalline substances found naturally in the earth |
| mineralogy | study of minerals |
| native elements | substances that exist naturally in the earth's crust as single, uncombined elements (examples: gold, sulfur, carbon) |
| halides | consists of compounds of halogens; includes halite ("rock salt," NaCl) |
| sulfides | minerals that contain sulfur; includes fool's gold |
| oxides | minerals that contain the element oxygen bonded to a metallic element |
| silicates | largest group of minerals; contain the elements silicon and oxygen |
| crystals | geometric structures composed of atoms or molecules arranged in repearting three-dimensional patterns |
| carbon | graphite and diamonds are made up of ________ |
| Mohs scale | scale used to measure hardness of a mineral |
| conchoidal | obsidian has a ________ fracture |
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