Science Exam Study Guide (Second Semester)
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ClumsyFaller247 on May 23, 2011
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390 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Tropical Rainforest | Lush vegetation creating a canopy, humid with lots of rain each year, warm all year, contains more animal life than all the other biomes combined, very little sunlight reaches the ground |
| Marine | Salty, coastal waters, open waters and deep waters. consists of many zones; for example: intertidal, neritic, surface, deep |
| Tundra | Less than 25 cm rain a year, long cold winters, very small plants, no large trees, permafrost, plant life is very small including dwarf trees, caribou and foxes with thick coats |
| Grassland | Also called a prairie or savanna, 25 - 75 cm of rain each year, periodic wildfires and droughts, main plant life is grasses, large herbivores like elephants, bison, antelopes, zebras, and giraffes |
| Freshwater | Lakes, streams, ponds, rivers |
| Temperate Rain Forest | Only in the Pacific Northwest of the United States, 300 cm of rain a year, huge trees including redwoods, cedars, and firs |
| Desert | Can be hot or cold, dry soil, predominant plant life are cactus, less than 25 cm of rain a year, animal life active at night |
| Deciduous Forest | Goes through all four seasons, trees that lose their leaves in the winter, at least 50 cm of rain a year, animals hibernate in the winter |
| Estuary | Transition between freshwater and saltwater, marshes and wetlands, nurseries of the sea |
| Boreal Forest | "Northern" dense forests, spruce and fir trees that contain seeds in cones, sometimes called taiga, very cold winters, rainy summers, animals include lynx, moose, great horned owl |
| Excretory System | To remove wastes and other poisons from the body |
| Circulatory System | Delivers needed substances to cells, carries wastes away from cells, helps regulate body temperature, contains cells that fight disease |
| Nervous System | Receives information about what is happening both inside and outside your body, directs how your body responds to this information, helps maintain homeostasis |
| Integumentary System (The skin) | Helps regulate body temperature, eliminate wastes, gather information about the environment, and produce vitamin D |
| Skeletal System | Provides shape and support, enables you to move, protects your organs, produces blood cells, stores minerals/other materials until your body needs them |
| Muscular System | Provide the force that moves your bones, control certain movements inside your body |
| Respiratory System | Moves air containing oxygen into your lungs and removes carbon dioxide and water from your body |
| Digestive System (The organs) | Digestion, absorption, elimination |
| Immune System- First Line of Defense | Function as barriers to pathogens, trap and kill most pathogens with which you come into contact |
| Immune System- Inflammatory response/Immune response | Inflammatory- Fluid and white blood cells leak from blood vessels and fight pathogens in nearby tissues, Immune- Certain immune cells in the blood and tissues react to each kind of pathogen with a defense targeted specifically at the pathogen. |
| Classification | the act of distributing things into classes or categories of the same type |
| Taxonomy | practice of classifying plants and animals according to their presumed natural relationships |
| binomial nomenclature | Classification system in which each species is assigned a two-part scientific name |
| Taxa | group, division |
| prokaryotic | having cells that lack membrane-bound nuclei (bacteria) |
| eukarytotic | has a necleus |
| producer | organism that can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce food from inorganic compounds; also called an autotroph |
| consumer | an organism that obtains energy by feeding on other organisms |
| decomposer | organism that breaks down and obtains energy from dead organic matter |
| autotroph | plant capable of synthesizing its own food from simple organic substances |
| heterotroph | an organism that cannot make its own food |
| Emigration | Moving out of the population |
| Population Density | The number of individuals in an area of specific size. |
| Limiting Factors | Is an environmental factor that causes a population to stop growing or decrease in size. |
| Carrying Capacity | The largest population an area can support |
| Natural Selection | results in adaptations |
| Adaptations | The behaviors and physical characteristics that organisms use to survive |
| Niche | the role of an organism in the environment |
| Competition | The struggle to survive between organisms to survive |
| Predation | An interaction in which one organisms kills the other for food or nutrients |
| predator | the organism that does the killing |
| prey | the organism being killed |
| symbiosis | any relationship in which two species live closely together and a least one of the species benefits. |
| mutualism | a relationship in which both species benefit |
| commesilism | a relationship in which one species benefits and the other species is neither helped nor harmed |
| parasitism | a relationship that involves an organism living with on or inside another organism and harming it |
| parasite | the organism that benefits in parasitism |
| host | the organism it lives in or on |
| primary succession | series of changes that occur in an area where no soil or organism exists. |
| pioneer species | first species to populate in an area |
| secondary succession | is the series of changes that occur in an area where the ecosystem has been disturbed |
| Organism | Single living thing |
| Habitat | An environment that provides what an organism needs to live, grow, and reproduce. |
| Biotic Factors | The parts of a habitat that are living or once living |
| Abiotic Factors | The parts of a habitat that are not living |
| Species | A group of organisms that can mate with each other and produce offspring that can also mate and reproduce |
| Population | All the members of one species living in a particular area. |
| Community | All the different populations that live together in an area |
| Ecosystem | The community of organisms that live in a particular area along with their non-living environment |
| Ecology | Study of how organisms interact with each other and with their environment |
| Birth Rate | The number of births per 1,000 individuals for a given time period |
| Death Rate | The number of deaths per 1,000 individuals for a given time period |
| Immigration | Moving into the population |
| Domains | Bacteria is one of the three _______ |
| Domains | Archae is one of the three _____ |
| Domains | Eukarya is one of the three _____ |
| Archae and Bacteria are | prokaryotes |
| Eukaryotes | Eukarya's are ______ |
| Archae | Lives in extreme conditions |
| Eukaryote | Multi cellular cell type |
| Kingdoms | Each domain is broken down into the smaller |
| Both | Archaebacteria are _____ food making |
| Both | Eubacteria are ________ food making |
| Both | Protista are _______ food making |
| Heterotroph | Fungi are ________ food making |
| Autotroph | Plant are ________ food making |
| Heterotroph | Animal are ________ food making |
| Both | Protists are what type of cells (only one like this) |
| Autotroph | Makes Own Food |
| Heterotroph | Has to get energy from other organisms |
| Consumer | Animals are what in the trophic level |
| Producer | Plant is what in the trophic level |
| Taxonomy | The Science of grouping classifying organisms according to similar traits |
| Capitalized | Genus is always _____ |
| Linnaeus | Scientist who invented the naming system |
| Binomial Nomenclature | Name of naming system invented by the guy |
| Italicized | All scientific names are |
| 2 part naming system | Binomial Nomenclature is a |
| Dichotomous Key | A list of structural or behavioral characteristics that is used to identify similar organisms |
| Bacteria and Fungi | two major groups of decomposers |
| Algae and Plants | Two major groups of producers |
| Harms its host | A virus is compared to a protist because ____ |
| host | any organism that provides a source of energy to a virus |
| DNA and RNA | what is the inner core of a virus made of |
| Capsid | what are all viruses coated in |
| 1 | Attachment-virus attaches to cell |
| 2 | injectment- injects DNA |
| 3 | Production- genetic materials make copies or reproduce virus gives genetic material to cell that makes it think it needs to make a capsid |
| 4 | Assembly virus puts all of the organelles together to make virus |
| 5 | release virus bursts out of cell |
| Lysogenic | dormant virus that is not immediately active in infecting cells |
| Lytic | infects cell immediately |
| Gene Therapy | when viruses are used to help prevent sickness. |
| Host cell | viruses need a what to reproduce |
| genetic material | only thing virus has in common with living things |
| Skeletal System | Allows Movement Supports Body Protects Organs |
| Integumentary System | Protects you from anything that could get into the body |
| Muscular System | Helps with movement, Helps circulate blood ,Moves food through digestive system |
| Excretory System | removes waste |
| Skin (integumentary) System | protects the inside of your body from everything outside |
| Skeletal System | support and protects your organs and body (your muscles attach to it) |
| Muscular System | produces movement like breathing, blinking, and eating |
| Digestive System | makes energy and takes in nutrients |
| Nervous system | controls the body's reactions to stimuluses |
| Respiratory system | brings oxygen into your cells and removes carbon dioxide |
| Immune System | protects your body from diseases and regulate your body temperature |
| Circulatory system | keeps your blood flowing so that oxygen gets to all your cells |
| plantae | Multicellular, eukaryotic, autotrophic, producer. Has cell walls. |
| Archaebacteria | Unicellular organism, prokaryotic, unicellular, both autotrophic and heterotrophic, and can be a producer consumer and a decomposer. Found in salty environment. |
| Protista | Eukaryotic, Both uni and multicellular, both auto & heterotrophic, can be a producer, consumer, or producer. |
| Fungi | Eukaryotic, Both uni and multicellular, heterotrophic, and decomposer or consumer, can absorb food through cell walls, and can be found on bread, fruit, or cheese. |
| Animalia | Eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic, consumer, humans are also found in this kingdom |
| Eubacteria | Unicellular organism, prokaryotic, unicellular, both autotrophic and heterotrophic, and can be a producer consumer and a decomposer. |
| Classification | the process of grouping things based on their similarities |
| Taxonomy | the scientific study of how living things are classified |
| Binomial Nomenclature | the classification system in which each organism is given a unique, two-part scientific name indicating its genus and species |
| Prokaryote | a unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and some other cell structures |
| Eukaryote | an organism whose cells contain a nucleus |
| Decomposer | an organism that gets energy by breaking down wastes and dead organisms, and returns raw materials to the soil and water |
| Autotroph | an organism that is able to capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food |
| Heterotroph | an organism that cannot make its own food and gets food by consuming other living things |
| Domain; Kingdom; Phylum; Class; Order; Family; Genus; Species | What are the 8 taxa in order of most general to most specific? |
| Bacteria & Fungus | What are the major groups of decomposers? |
| Plants, Algae & some Bacteria | What are the major groups of producers? |
| Lytic: Immediate Reproduction Lysogenic: Dormant | What is the main difference between the lytic and lysogenic cycles? |
| 1)noncellular 2)do not use their own energy to grow or to respond to their surroundings 3)cannot make food, take in food, or produce wastes 4)cannot reproduce on their own - they have to have a living host cell | Why are viruses nonliving? |
| genetic material; capsid | What makes up a virus? |
| Attachment; Injection; Production; Assembly; Release | What are the steps of the lytic cycle? |
| Attachment | lytic cycle... virus attaches to the surface of a host cell |
| Injection | lytic cycle... virus injects its DNA into the host cell |
| Production | lytic cycle... borrowing the host cell's organelles, materials, and enzymes, the viral DNA and capsids are produced |
| Assembly | lytic cycle... the viral DNA is put inside their capsids |
| Release | lytic cycle... the cell bursts open releasing 100 or more viruses |
| Producer | a photosynthetic green plant or chemosynthetic bacterium constituting the first tropic level in a food chain; an autotrophic organism |
| Consumer | an organism which eats other organisms to get their food |
| Eubacteria; Archaebacteria; Protists; Fungi; Plants; Animals | What are the 6 kingdoms? |
| Prokaryote; Both; Unicellular; Sometimes; Producer-Decomposer-Parasite | Bacteria... a. Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic b. Autotrophic, Heterotrophic, or both c. Unicellular, Multicellular, or both d. Which have a cell wall and what is it made of? e. What trophic level of the food chain they belong. |
| Prokaryote; Both; Unicellular; Sometimes (peptidoglycan) | Archaea... a. Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic b. Autotrophic, Heterotrophic, or both c. Unicellular, Multicellular, or both d. Which have a cell wall and what is it made of? |
| Eukaryote; Both; Both; Sometimes; Producer-Consumer-Decomposer | Protista... a. Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic b. Autotrophic, Heterotrophic, or both c. Unicellular, Multicellular, or both d. Which have a cell wall and what is it made of? e. What trophic level of the food chain they belong. |
| Eukaryote; Heterotroph; Most Multicellular; Yes (chitin); Decomposer | Fungi... a. Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic b. Autotrophic, Heterotrophic, or both c. Unicellular, Multicellular, or both d. Which have a cell wall and what is it made of? e. What trophic level of the food chain they belong. |
| Eukaryote; Autotroph; Multicellular; Yes (cellulose); Producer | Plantae... a. Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic b. Autotrophic, Heterotrophic, or both c. Unicellular, Multicellular, or both d. Which have a cell wall and what is it made of? e. What trophic level of the food chain they belong. |
| Eukaryote; Heterotroph; Multicellular; No; Consumer | Animalia... a. Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic b. Autotrophic, Heterotrophic, or both c. Unicellular, Multicellular, or both d. Which have a cell wall and what is it made of? e. What trophic level of the food chain they belong. |
| cell wall; cell membrane; cytoplasm; ribosomes; genetic material; flagellum; pili | What organelles does a bacterial cell have? |
| Coccus/Cocci | spherical (bacteria) |
| Bacillus/Bacilli | rod-shaped (bacteria) |
| Spirillum/Sphirochete | spiral (bacteria) |
| Diplo | pair of two (bacteria) |
| Strepto | chain (bacteria) |
| Staphylo | cluster (bacteria) |
| photosynthesis or chemosynthesis | How do autotrophic bacteria get food? |
| cellular respiration | the process of breaking down food to release energy |
| cellular respiration | How do bacteria get energy? |
| Binary Fission | How do bacteria reproduce asexually? |
| Conjugation | How do bacteria reproduce sexually? |
| 1) cell doubles in size 2) cell reproduces its genetic material 3) splits into 2 cells each with one copy of genetic material | What are the 3 steps of binary fission? |
| 1) genetic material is transferred through a thin bridge 2) separate to form 2 bacteria with new genetic material | What are the 2 steps of conjugation? |
| Pasteurization | a process of heating food to a temperature that is high enough to kill most harmful bacteria without changing the taste of the food |
| animal-like (protozoans); plant-like (algae); and fungus-like (slime molds) | What are the 3 types of protists? |
| 1) eukaryotes 2) cannot be classified as animals, plants, or fungi | What 2 characteristics do all protists share? |
| Habitat | an environment that provides the things a specific organism needs to live, grow, and reproduce |
| Biotic Factors | the parts of a habitat that are living, or once living, and interact with an organism |
| Abiotic Factors | the nonliving parts of an organism's habitat |
| organism; population; community; ecosystem | What are the levels of ecological organization? |
| Species | a group of organisms that can mate with each other and produce offspring that can also mate and reproduce |
| Population | all the members of one species living in a particular area |
| Community | all the different populations that live together in an area |
| Ecosystem | the community of organisms that live together in a particular area, along with their nonliving environment |
| Ecology | the study of how organisms interact with each other and their environment |
| Limiting Factor | an environmental factor that causes a population to decrease in size |
| climate; food; water; space | What are 4 limiting factors? |
| Niche | how an organism makes its living and interacts with the biotic and abiotic factors in its environment |
| mutualism, commenalism, parasitism | What are 3 types of symbiosis? |
| Competition | the struggle between two species that need the same resources |
| Succession | the series of predictable changes that occur in a community over time |
| Pioneer Species | the first species to populate an area |
| break up rocks to make soil | Why are pioneer species important? |
| 1) pioneer species carried by wind or water 2) break up rocks to form soil 3) plant seeds land on soil and grow | What are the 3 steps of primary succession? |
| plants grow where soil already exist and there are seeds in the soil | What happens in secondary succession? |
| Organisms become more similar in each group so that they can mate and their offspring can mate; More groups in each level but less individuals in each one | What happens in the relationship between organisms as we move from domain to species? |
| Protozoans- how they move to obtain food; Slime Mold- spore reproduction; Algae- pigments | How is each group of protists classified? |
| Why can two species share the same habitat, but not the same niche? | If they have different niches, they would eat different foods at different times of day. If they have the same niche there will be competition. |
| classification | the action or process of classifying something according to shared qualities or characteristics |
| taxonomy | the science of grouping organisms according to their similarities |
| taxa-(the groups) | domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species |
| binomial nomenclature | Genus species latin italics G s Classification system in which each species is assigned a two-part scientific name |
| prokaryotic | describes a cell that does not have a nucleus or anyother membrane-covered organelles; also called bacteria. |
| eukaryotic | cells that have a nucleus |
| producer | organism that can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce food from inorganic compounds; also called an autotroph |
| consumer | organism that relies on other organisms for its energy and food supply; also called a heterotroph |
| decomposer | organism that breaks down and obtains energy from dead organic matter, organism that breaks down the wastes or remains of other organisms |
| autotroph | organism that can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food from inorganic compounds; also called a producer |
| heterotroph | organism that obtains energy from the foods it consumes; also called a consumer |
| ecology | The study of how living things interact with each other and their environment |
| habitat | the place or set of environmental conditions in which a particular organism lives |
| abiotic | not living things in the environment |
| biotic | living things in an environment |
| niche | organism's role, or job, in its habitat |
| predator | any animal that lives by preying on other animals |
| prey | animal hunted or caught for food |
| limiting factor | an environmental factor that prevents a population from increasing |
| competition | the struggle between organisms to survive in a habitat with limited resources |
| symbiosis | the living together in mutually helpful association of two dissimilar organisms |
| succession | the series of predictable changes that occur in a community over time |
| pioneer species | first species to populate an area during primary succession |
| food chain | series of steps in an ecosystem in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten |
| food web | The pattern of overlapping food chains in an ecosystem |
| energy pyramid | a diagram that shows the amount of energy that moves from one feeding level to another in a food web |
| tundra | a vast treeless plain in the arctic regions between the ice cap and the tree line |
| boreal forest | A broad band of mixed coniferous and deciduous trees that stretches across northern North America (and also Europe and Asia); its northernmost edfe, the taiga, intergrades with the artic tundra |
| desert | A type of biome characterized by low moisture levels and infrequent and unpredictable precipitation. Daily and seasonal temperatures fluctuate widely |
| grassland | biome composed of large communities covered with grasses and similar small plants |
| temperate (deciduous) forest | forest in a temperate region, characterized by trees that drop their leaves annually |
| tropical rain forest | biome near the equator with consistant warm temperatures, wet weather, and lush plant growth |
| temperate rainforest | The cool, dense, rainy forests of the northern Pacific coast; enshrouded in fog much of the time; dominated by large conifers. |
| freshwater | does not contain any saltwater and can be rivers, lakes, streams,ponds, and wetlands |
| estuary | A habitat in which the fresh water of a river meets the salt water of the ocean. |
| marine | of or relating to the sea |
| respiratory | adds oxygen to the blood and removes carbon dioxide from blood. |
| excretory | system that rids the body of harmful wastes |
| digestive | breaks down food into units that can be absorbed by the body |
| circulatory | System is the transport and delivery system of the body |
| integumentary (skin) | Largest major organ whose primary function is to protect underlying tissue, and to regulate body temperature. |
| nervous system | The body system of nervous tissues--organized into the brain,spinal courd, and nerves--that send and receive messages and integreate the body's activities. |
| skeletal and muscular system | support and movement systems |
| immune system | the cells, tissues, and organs that protect the body from disease. this system is composed of the white blood cells, bone marrow, thymus gland, spleen and other parts |
| virus | ultramicroscopic infectious agent that replicates itself only within cells of living hosts |
| what is the predator in the "oh deer" lab? | the wolf |
| who is the prey in the "oh deer" lab? | the deer |
| diplo | Pairs of bacteria |
| strepto | chains |
| staphylo | cluster of bacteria |
| bacillus | rod shaped bacteria |
| spirillum | spiral shaped bacteria |
| coccus | sphere shaped bacteria |
| pasturization | Process in which a liquid is heated to a temperature that kills most bacteria |
| a tiny nonliving particle that enters and then reproduces inside a living cell | virus |
| what are the two parts of a virus? | inner core and capsid |
| what is the inner core? | the virus's genetic material (DNA or RNA) |
| what is the capsid? | protein covering |
| Why are viruses not considered living? | can't grow, can't make food or take in food, can't produce waste, can't reproduce by themselves, don't respond to changes in their environments |
| where do viruses reproduce? | in a host cell |
| why do we study viruses? | they go into a living thing and reproduce |
| an organism that provides a source of energy for a virus or other organism | host |
| something that harms an organism when they live in or on it | parasite |
| what do bacteriophages look like? | a robot |
| what do bacteriophages infect? | bacteria |
| what is the lytic cycle? | the fast way that viruses reproduce |
| what are the steps in the lytic cycle? | attachment, injection, production, assembly, release |
| how do viruses know which cells to infect? | their proteins have to match with the cell's proteins |
| what is the lysogenic cycle? | the slow way that viruses reproduce |
| what are the steps of the lysogenic cycle? | the virus hides in a cell and put itself into the cell's DNA so that it makes more of the virus, when the cell splits it's daughter cell also has that virus |
| the person that is carrying the virus and giving it to others | carrier |
| a rapid spreading of a disease to many people at one time | epidemic |
| a disease that can be transferred from one person to another | communicable disease |
| a drug given to you to prevent a disease | vaccination |
| the condition of not being able to be infected | immunity |
| something that causes a disease | pathogen |
| to have a disease passed onto you | infected |
| What is matter? | Atoms. Mater cannot be created or destroyed, just recycled. |
| What is the chemical make-up of water? | 2 Hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom. |
| What two forms does water go through? | Gas or vapor and liquid. |
| What 3 ways can water enter the atmosphere? | Evaporation, transpiration, and resperation. |
| Evaporation | Water moves from open water to the air by heat of the sun. (HEAT- natural) |
| Transpiration | Water is released by leaves of plants. (PLANTS) |
| Exhale | Living things release water as they breathe. (LIVING ORGANISMS- Breathing) |
| Condensation | water vapor in the air cools down as it rises and turns into tiny water droplets. Dust particles from around them which form clouds. |
| Precipitation | When these droplets combine and become heavy they fall as rain, sleet, snow, or hail. |
| Accumulation and Runoff | Back on Earth water collects in oceans, lakes or rivers, etc. It also may soak the ground and be groundwater, underground collections of water. |
| Evaporation | water moves from open water to the air by the heat of the sun. |
| Transpiration | water is released by leaves of plants. |
| Exhale | living things release water as they breathe. |
| Condensation | Water vapor in the air cools down as it rises and turns into tiny water droplets. |
| Precipitation | When the droplets of water in the clouds combine and become heavy enough, they fall back to the Earth as rain, snow, sleet, or hail. |
| How does water return to the Earth? | As precipitation |
| What two elements make up water? | Hydrogen and oxygen |
| What happens to the water as it moves through the ecosystem? | It changes form. |
| What does it mean when an animal respires? | Animal breathes out water vapor. |
| What is transpiration? | Water is released by plants. |
| What is evaporation? | The process by which molecules of liquid water absorb heat and change to a gas/water vapor. |
| In what molecule is carbon found in our atmosphere? | Carbon Dioxide |
| In what form is carbon deep in the earth? | Fossil fuels |
| During photosynthesis, carbon dioxide is used to make what molecules? | Carbs/sugars |
| How do animals break down the energy found in food? | Cellular respiration. |
| In what form is carbon found in water environments? | Dissolved carbon |
| How is nitrogen returned to our atmosphere? | Bacteria convert it into gas; eaten by animals. |
| What organism "fixes" the nitrogen in the soil? | Bacteria |
| Where does the nitrogen go after it is "fixed"? | Taken in by plants. |
| How much of the Earth's atmosphere contains nitrogen? | 78% |
| How does nitrogen get into the Earth's surface? | Fixed by lightening. |
| What three ways does water enter our atmosphere? | Evaporation, respiration, transpiration. |
| Organism | Single living thing |
| Habitat | An environment that provides what an organism needs to live, grow, and reproduce. |
| Biotic Factors | The parts of a habitat that are living or once living |
| Abiotic Factors | The parts of a habitat that are not living |
| Species | A group of organisms that can mate with each other and produce offspring that can also mate and reproduce |
| Population | All the members of one species living in a particular area. |
| Community | All the different populations that live together in an area |
| Ecosystem | The community of organisms that live in a particular area along with their non-living environment |
| Ecology | Study of how organisms interact with each other and with their environment |
| Birth Rate | The number of births per 1,000 individuals for a given time period |
| Death Rate | The number of deaths per 1,000 individuals for a given time period |
| Immigration | Moving into the population |
| Emigration | Moving out of the population |
| Population Density | The number of individuals in an area of specific size. |
| Limiting Factors | Is an environmental factor that causes a population to stop growing or decrease in size. |
| Carrying Capacity | The largest population an area can support |
| Natural Selection | results in adaptations |
| Adaptations | The behaviors and physical characteristics that organisms use to survive |
| Niche | the role of an organism in the environment |
| Competition | The struggle to survive between organisms to survive |
| Predation | An interaction in which one organisms kills the other for food or nutrients |
| predator | the organism that does the killing |
| prey | the organism being killed |
| symbiosis | any relationship in which two species live closely together and a least one of the species benefits. |
| mutualism | a relationship in which both species benefit |
| commensalism | a relationship in which one species benefits and the other species is neither helped nor harmed |
| parasitism | a relationship that involves an organism living with on or inside another organism and harming it |
| parasite | the organism that benefits in parasitism |
| host | the organism it lives in or on |
| primary succession | series of changes that occur in an area where no soil or organism exists. |
| pioneer species | first species to populate in an area |
| secondary succession | is the series of changes that occur in an area where the ecosystem has been disturbed |
| What are adaptions? | Behaviors and physical characteristics (traits) that allow organisms to survive in the their environment. |
| How are adaptions passed? | from parent to offspring by a process called natural selection |
| How does natural selection work? | the organisms with the traits best suited for the environment will have a greater survival rate and reproduce more that the ones without these traits. |
| What is the difference between a Niche and a Habitat? | N-An organism role or job, determined by what an organism eats, how it eats, who it eats, how it reproduces, and physical conditions it requires to survive. H-Where an organism lives, provides food, shelter, water, can be shared of niches are different. |
| What is competition? | The struggle between two species that need the same resources. |
| How can you avoid competition? | Feed at different times of day and feed on different parts of the same plant. |
| What is a predator? | An organism that hunts and kills another organism for food. |
| What is a prey? | The organism that is hunted and killed. |
| What are some examples of predator adaptions? | Cheetah's speed, Bat's echolocation, owl's eyesight - night hunting, Jellyfish's stinging cells, Sundew plant's sticky goo to catch flies. |
| What are some examples for prey adaptions? | False coloring, Mimicry, Warning Coloring, Protective Coverings and Camouflage |
| What is Symbiosis? | When two organisms of different species live closely together. At least one of the organisms will benefit from the relationship |
| What are the three types of Symbiosis? | Mutualism, Commensalism, Parasitism |
| What is Mutualism? Give an example. | Both species benefit. Tree thorns provide the ants' protection form predators and the plant provides the ants' only food. The ants attack other animals that approach the tree and clear competing plants away from the tree. |
| What is Commensalism? Give an example. | One species benefits and the other is unharmed. Birds nesting in tree. |
| What is Parasitism? Give an example. | One species benefits (parasite) the other species is harmed (host). Ticks and fleas, dwarf mistletoe, cowbird, fish lice. |
| - Photosynthesis - Chemosythesis | What two ways do autotrophic protists use make food? |
| Algae | Plant-like protist autotrophs - using pigments to capture sun's energy unicellular or multicellular Important producers in water food chains and supply oxygen to the atmosphere. pigment colors include - green, yellow, red, brown, orange, or even black. |
| Slime Molds | What protist uses spores to reproduce? |
| Slime Molds | heterotrophic have cell walls use spores (asexual reproductive cell) to reproduce able to move at some point in life cycle also include water molds and downy mildews |
| - Photosynthesis: Use the sun's energy to make food - Chemosythesis: Uses chemicals to make food | Difference between photosythesis and chemosythesis |
| Protozoans | - Animal-like protist - Heterotrophs - Most move to get food - Unicellular - 4 subgroups : Sarcodines, Ciliates, Flagellates, and - Parasitic (harm the host cell) |
| What are the characteristics of Sarcodines | Amoeba, Contain contractile vacuoles, Move using pseudopods, Heterotrophic |
| What are the characteristics of Flagellates? | Move using flagella, Giardia, Cause hikers disease, Live inside termite, heterotrophic |
| What are the characteristics of Ciliates? | Tiny, hairlike structures called cilia are used for movement and to sweep food into the organism. Ex. Paramecium Has two contractile vacuoles 2 nuclei: Macronucleus to control everyday functions and a micronucleus to control reproduction. reproduce by binary fission or conjugation. |
| What are the characteristics of Sporozoans? | Most have no form of movement. They rely on a living host to live, feeding on the cells and body fluids of the host. Can have more than one host throughout a life cycle. Ex. Plasmodium responsible for malaria (can be fatal) Mosquito will bite a person with malaria and becomes infected. The mosquito will then bite a healthy person and transfers the Plasmodium. Symptoms: high fevers and sever chills lasting for weeks. Symptoms can disappear and reappear months later. |
| What are the characteristics of Euglenoids? | green, unicellular, live in freshwater. Mostly autotrophic using a red eyespot to find sunlight. If not sunlight is available the euglenoid will become heterotrophic and eat other unicellular organisms. Uses a flagellum for movement |
| What are the characteristics of dinoflagellates? | unicellular cell surrounded by stiff plates that look like armor variety of colors Move by 2 flagella held in grooves between the plates, twirling like toy tops. Many glow lighting the ocean's surface. |
| What are the characteristics of Diatoms? | Unicellular Contain glass-like cell walls. Many secrete a slime for gliding. Others float or attach to rocks. When diatoms die their cell walls collect on the bottoms of oceans and lakes creating a layer called diatomaceous earth. Diatomaceous earth is used as a polishing or scouring agent because it is abrasive. |
| What are the characteristics of Red Algae? | Most multicellular Can grow over 250 meters below the ocean's surface due to their red pigment being able to absorb the small amounts of light that reach further under the ocean. Products: carrageenan and agar - used as thickening agents in ice cream and conditioners. excellent food source |
| What are the characteristics of Brown Algae? | commonly called seaweed, excellent food source contains a variety of pigments Has plant like structures holdfasts - anchor the alga to rocks like roots air bladders - gas-filled sacs that allow the alga to float near the surface of the water for sunlight. contains algins - a thickening agent for pudding |
| What are the characteristics of Green Algae? | Most diverse group with around 8000 species Includes unicellular and multicellular species Unicellular species may live as a colony - Ex. Volvox Multicellular may be called seaweed - Ex. Sea Lettuce Can be found in freshwater, salt water, or rocks exposed to constant moisture. |
| Bacteria | Tiny single celled organisms that live almost everywhere |
| Cytoplasm | The region inside the cell membrane of a bacterium |
| Ribosomes | Tiny structures that produce proteins inside bacteria |
| Flagellum | A whip-like structure that helps a bacteria cell to move |
| Cellular Respiration | The process of breaking down food to produce energy |
| Binary Fission | A process by which bacteria reproduce asexually |
| Conjugation | A process by which bacteria reproduce sexually |
| Endospore | A small,rounded,thick-walled resting cell inside a bacterial cell. |
| Pasteurization | A method of slowing down food spoilage |
| Decomposers | Organisms that break down large, complex chemicals in dead organisms into small, simple chemicals |
| Protist | A eukaryote that cannot be classified as an animal, plant, or fungus |
| Protozoan | An animal like protist |
| Pseudopod | A temporary bulge of the cytoplasm used for feeding and movement |
| Contractile Vacuole | A structure that collects excess water and expels it form a cell |
| Cilia | Hair like projections that are used to sweep food and move |
| Algae | Plant like protist |
| Pigment | A chemical that produces color |
| Spore | A tiny cell that is able to grow into a new organism |
| Prokaryote | A cell that has no nucleus or organelles |
| Cell Wall | A layer of the cell that protects the cell from the outside |
| Cell Membrane | thin, flexible barrier around a cell, regulates what enters and leaves the cell |
| Coccus | Sphere Shaped |
| Bacillus | Rod Shaped |
| Spirallum | Spiral Shaped |
| Diplo | Pairs |
| Staphlo | clusters |
| Strepto | chain |
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