Lachman's Final
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Created by:
madelineanne on May 23, 2011
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82 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 speed | distance an object travels per unit of time |
| average speed | calculated by dividing the total distance by the total time of travel |
| displacement | distance & direction of an object's position from the origin |
| velocity | includes speed and direction of motion |
| acceleration | occurs when an object changes its speed, direction, or both |
| inertia | the tendency of an object to resist change in motion |
| force | push or pull that one body exerts onto another |
| balanced forces | forces on a body that are equal in size and opposite in direction |
| instantaneous speed | speed at any given time |
| friction | force that opposes motion between two touching surfaces |
| weight | the gravitational force exerted on an object |
| momentum | the product of the mass of an object and its velocity |
| static friction | exists between two surfaces that are not moving past each other |
| gravity | when two masses exert an attractive force on each other |
| chemical potential | energy stored in the chemical bonds between atoms |
| gravitation potential | depends on the mass of the object, its height above the ground, and its acceleration due to gravity |
| joule | SI unit of energy |
| kinetic | energy in the form of motion |
| mechanical energy | the sum of the potential and kinetic energy in a system |
| elastic potential | energy stored by something that can stretch or compress |
| heat | produced by the flow of electrons through a material |
| insulator | material that does NOT allow electrons to easily flow through it |
| resistance | tendency of a material to oppose the flow of electrons through it |
| parallel circuit | type of circuit that mas more than one branch for current to flow |
| power | equals current X voltage difference |
| voltage | the "push" that cause charge to move in a circuit |
| series circuit | circuit with only one path for current to flow |
| transformer | can be used to increase or decrease the voltage in alternating current (AC) |
| electrical generator | converts mechanical energy into electrical energy |
| turbine | a large wheel that rotates when pushed by water, wind, or steam |
| poles | region where the magnetic forces of a magnet is strongest |
| direct current | batteries produce this type of electron flow |
| galvanometer | device that uses and electromagnet to measure electric current |
| electromagnetic induction | a generator works based on the principle |
| alternating current | reverses the direction of current flow in a regular way |
| electromagnet | made of a soft iron core surrounded by loops of current-carrying wire |
| fossil fuel | includes coal, petroleum, and natural gas |
| photovoltaic cell | converts light energy into electricity |
| petroleum | crude oil that is highly flammable former by decaying organisms |
| nonrenewable | energy source that cannot be replaced as fast as it used |
| biomass | includes organic matter such a wood and rice hulls |
| nuclear waste | radioactive by-product resulting from the use of radioactive sources |
| geothermal | thermal energy form the earth that can be used to generate electricity |
| hydroelectric | electrical energy produced from the energy of moving water |
| constructive interference | when two or more waves overlap and combine to form a new wave |
| diffraction | the bending of a wave as it changes speed when passing from one medium to another |
| wavelength | measured from crest to crest or trough to trough in a transverse wave |
| medium | matter that a wave travels through |
| transverse | matter moves back and forth at right angles to the direction the wave travels |
| compressional | an example of this type of wave is sound |
| frequency | the number of wavelengths that pass a given point each second |
| rarefraction | the less dense region of a compressional wave |
| amplitude | relates directly to the energy carried by a wave |
| sonar | uses reflected underwater sound waves to detect objects |
| dB (decibels) | units used to measure the intensity of sound |
| doppler effect | change of pitch or wave frequency due to a moving wave source |
| acoustics | the study of sound |
| ultrasonic | sound waves above the normal frequency range of human hearing |
| cochlea | part of the ear that converts sound waves into nerve impulses |
| resonator | hollow chamber filled with air that amplifies vibrating sound waves |
| visable | portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that you can see |
| infared | type of energy used to produce thermograms |
| ultraviolet | the ozone layer above the earth blocks much of this radiation |
| photon | particle whose energy is dependent on the frequency of the light |
| x-ray | often used in medicine to produce images of the body |
| electromagnetic spectrum | is composed of vibrating electrical and magnetic fields |
| gamma | very high energy, short wavelength wave that can damage cells |
| radio | short waves often used in communications |
| coherent light | light of only one wavelength that travels with its crest and troughs aligned |
| translucent | allows some light to pass through, but you cannot see clearly through it |
| infared | is produced when objects become so hot that that give off light |
| opaque | does not allow any light to pass through |
| pigment | colored material that absorbs some colors and reflects others |
| concave or diverging | lens that is thinner in the middle than at the edges |
| mirror | smooth, flat surface that reflects an image |
| focal length | distance from the center of lens or mirror to the point of focus |
| cornea | transparent outer covering of the eye |
| real image | image formed when light rays converge |
| optical axis | imaginary line drawn perpendicular to the surface of a mirror or lens at its center |
| retina | part of the eye that converts light images into electrical signals |
| convex or converging | lens that is thicker in the middle than on the edges |
| convex mirror | reflects an image that is virtual,upright, and smaller than the object |
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