Modern Biology Holt CH 9
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30 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Genetics | the field of biology devoted to understanding how characteristics are transmitted from parents to offspring |
| Heredity | the transmission of characteristics from parents to offspring |
| Trait | a genetically determined variant of a characteristic |
| Pollination | a process that occurs when pollen grains produced in the male reproductive parts of a flower, called the anthers, are transferred to the female reproductive part of a flower, called the stigma |
| Self-Pollination | a process that occurs when pollen is transferred from the anthers of a flower to the stigma of either that flower or another flower on the same plant |
| Cross-Pollination | a process that occurs between flowers of two plants |
| True-Breeding | plants that are pure for a trait that always produce offspring with that trait when they self-pollinate |
| P Generation | the true-breeding parents |
| F1 Generation | the first filial generation; offspring of the P generation |
| F2 Generation | the second filial genration |
| Dominant | a factor that masked, or dominated, the factor for the other trait in the pair |
| Recessive | the factor that controlled the trait that did not apear in the F1 generation but reappeared in the F2 generation |
| Law of Segregation | states that a pair of factors is segregated, or separated, during the formation of gametes |
| Law of Independent Assortment | states that factors separated independently of one another during the formation of gametes |
| Molecular Genetics | the study of the structure and function of chromosomes and genes |
| Allele | Each of two or more alternative forms of a gene |
| Genotype | an organism's genetic makeup |
| Phenotype | an organism's appearance |
| Homozygous | the organism is said to be this when both alleles of a pair are alike |
| Heterozygous | the organism is said to be this when both alleles of a pair are different |
| Probability | the likelihood that a specific event will occur |
| Monohybrid Cross | a cross in which only one characteristic is tracked |
| Punnett Square | a diagram scientists use to aid them in predicting the probable distribution of inherited traits in the offspring |
| Genotypic Ratio | the ratio of the genotypes that appear in offspring |
| Phenotypic Ratio | the ratio of the offspring's phenotypes |
| Testcross | a cross in which an individual of unknown genotype is crossed with a homozygous recessive individual |
| Complete Dominance | a relationship in which one allele is completely dominant over another |
| Incomplete Dominance | a relationship in which the F1 offspring will have a phenotype in between that of the parents |
| Codominance | a relationship that occurs when both alleles for a gene are expressed in a heterozygous offspring |
| Dihybrid Cross | a cross in which two characteristics are tracked |
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