| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Plantation of Ulster | The Scottish Presbyterian settlement in Ireland. It was funded by the British government and was meant to push British influence on Ireland |
| Sheep and Woolens | In the 17th Century, this was the number one source of product in England and the next best source of wealth besides land. The landed aristocracy made large profits off of this. |
| Landed Aristocracy | In England, true wealth still came from the land. These people owned large tracts of land and were able to accrue power and wealth because of it. |
| Free Monarchy | According to James I and other absolutists, this was the type of government in which the king ruled with no obstruction from any outside influence. |
| Divine Right of Kings | The belief that the kings derived their power to rule from God and had to answer only to god. |
| Star Chamber (prerogative courts) | Courts in which cases were decided that did not have juries. This went against the common law of the land and upset parliament because many members were lawyers. It was created by Henry VII. |
| High Commission | Set up by Elizabeth, it was a court to ensure that people went in line with the Church of England. |
| Gentry | The wealthy landowners who made up the House of Commons. They were not lords, but they had become members of the aristocracy through their wealth. |
| 82/26 | The ratio of lay peers to bishops in the house of commons at the beginning of James I's reign. It signaled the takeover by parliament and its estrangement from the King and his people (the bishops). |
| Ship Money | Funds that were raised to modernize the navy without the consent of Parliament. Originally taken just from coastal towns, they were eventually taken from inland as well. |
| Tunnage and Poundage | The right given to the king by Parliament at his accession to collect specified duties on exports and imports, but according to quantity, not value. This did not account for fluctuating prices. |
| Scottish Rebellion | (1637) The Scottish rebelled in Edinburgh after Charles I and Bishop Laud tried to force their religion on the Scots in the Book of Common Prayer. It was used by Parliament to push its revolutionary agenda on the King. |
| Long Parliament | Charles I needed money for his war in Scotland, so he called Parliament in 1640 for the first time in eleven years. They would not help him, so he called for new elections. The same members were elected and they stayed in their seats until 1660. They then openly rebelled against the king. |
| Solemn League and Covenant | Parliament, in order to draw support from Scotland, they said that the religions in England, Scotland and Ireland could be drawn under one religion. This was Presbyterianism, which became the legal religion in the three countries for a time. |
| Roundheads | The puritan supporters of Parliament in the English Civil War. |
| Pride's Purge | When Parliament would not call for the execution of Charles I, Cromwell had Colonel Pride lead a group of soldiers to intimidate dissenting members of parliament to leave until only those who agreed with him remained. |
| Purges | The use of military intimidation to force members out of parliament and create a rump. |
| Rumps | The small group of people left in parliament after a purge. They generally are those who agreed with the person in power. |
| Drogheda Massacre | In response to the killing of Scots in Ulster, an Irish Catholic garrison was attacked and massacred. Another similar event happened in Wexford. |
| Levellers | They were lead by Puritan John Lilburne. They wanted universal manhood suffrage, equality of representation, a written constitution, and subordination of parliament to a reformed body of voters. |
| Diggers | They were people who occupied and cultivated common land as well as privately owned land in repudiation of property. |
| Instrument of Government | The written constitution under which Cromwell tried to rule as Lord Protector after he disbanded the rump in 1653. He used representative bodies that were devised by himself and his followers. He used them to help ensure his dictatorship. |
| Major Generals | Leaders of armies during the English Civil War and the Commonwealth of England who used their military to promote their own interests. |
| Taxation | Instead of giving money to the king through dues from their land, the king got money by Parliament raising taxes to provide for him. Parliament controlled the amount. |
| Landlord Justices (Squirearchy) | During the later Stuart period after the English Civil War, the landed gentry had their power increased. They were selected as the justices of the peace. |
| Dissenters | Those who refused to accept the restored Church of England. They were mainly located in towns. They were not allowed to participate in government and forbidden from practicing their religion and teaching their own schools. Their church services were called "conventicles." |
| Corporations | The governing bodies of towns |
| 1662 Act of Settlement | This law decentralized the Poor Law. Each parish was made responsible only for its paupers. The poor were condemned to remain in the parishes where they lived. |
| 1707 | The date in which the United Kingdom of Great Britain was created |
| Dover Treaty of 1670 | A treaty between Charles II and Louis XIV. It allied Britain with France in its planned war against the Dutch in exchange for three million livres a year. It also stated that Louis XIV hoped that Charles II would soon find it convenient to rejoin the Catholic Church |
| Test Act of 1673 | This law made it so that all officeholders had to take Communion in the Church of England. It prevented Catholics from holding office or being in the army or navy. |
| Whigs | Those people who were anti-Catholic and anti-French. They were generally the middle class and merchants of London, but they got their best support from the upper aristocracy |
| Tories | They were the supporters of the King. They were the lower aristocracy and country gentry who were mistrusted the city's "moneyed interest." |
| 1689 Bill of Rights | It stated that no law could be suspended by the king. It also stated that no taxes could be raised or army maintained without parliamentary consent. Thirdly it said that no subject (however poor) could be arrested and detained without legal process. |
| Boyne River Settlement | James II's last hold out before being overthrown. |
| Penal Code | Laws forced on the Irish. They particularly limited Irish Catholics by repressing them from participating in government and holding them down economically and in education. All Irishmen were affected. It was done to repress Ireland and keep it from being a haven for pro-Stuarts. |
| Ascendancy | The social part of the Penal code. It was meant to confirm the position of Anglican interest. |
| 1,200,000 | The price in pounds that was loaned by a group of financiers to William III to fund his war against France. In return for the loan the group was allowed to run a bank. This created in 1694, the Bank of England and England's National Debt. |
| 1710 Act | This act required members of the House of Commons to have a certain level of private income. This limited the number who could be in the Commons to a mere few thousand so that the aristocracy would maintain supremacy. The income had to come from the ownership of land |
| 1688-1832 | During this time period, England was the best modern example of an aristocracy. |
| gentlemen of England | Those landed-gentry who were the only class during the late 17th to early 19th century who were sufficiently wealthy, numerous, educated and self conscious to rule and be successful. |
| 19 million | The population of France in 1700, more than three times that of England and twice that of Spain. |
| salons | Places in France where intellectuals went to discuss their theories and gain knowledge. |
| parlements | Twelve bodies that served as courts and governing bodies in certain areas in France. |
| 300 customs | The different systems of law throughout France. There were so many different systems that it was said that travelers changed laws more than they changed horses. |
| The Fronde | After the Peace of Westphalia, the nobility attempted to rebel but lost its support from the other classes. They had called in former militant bands from the Thirty Years War and the Spanish army. |
| Parlement of Paris (1648) | They pronounced that they had the right to declare edicts unconstitutional. This sparked fighting throughout Paris. |
| draw the teeth from the feudal aristocrats | The practice of the Bourbon line, started by Henry IV, to take away the power from the aristocracy. |
| The State is Myself | A phrase from Louis XIV. It exemplifies his absolute power and is one of the reasons he is called the Sun King, everything revolves around him. |
| Bishop Bossuet | The political theorist who supported Louis XIV. He reinforced that his power came from God, but that his rule must be just in order to reflect God's rule and laws. |
| intendants | Thirty-two districts led by selected individuals who controlled all aspects of the area. These intendants had allegiance only to the king. |
| 100,000 to 400,000 | The level of soldiers that Louis XIV raised his standing army to. He made war a state activity to increase his power and aid the economy. |
| under the royal eye | Louis XIV wanted to keep the tabs on the nobles. This is why he built Versailles. He made the nobles come to him and thus he controlled them and could watch them. |
| bureaucracy | Louis XIV used many individuals, spread throughout France, to keep the whole country under the control of the central government and the king. |
| tax farmers | private concessionaries who collected the taxes for the king, but kept a large portion of it for themselves. |
| Need for money | The king could not tax the nobility without their consent. This meant that most of the taxes came from the poor. Louis XIV spent a lot of money on war and other things such as Versailles. |
| Five Great Farms | The internal tariff union set up by minister Colbert to increase trade inside France. |
| dragooned | The practice of mounted infantry in France being housed with the protestant Huguenots to reinforce the persuasions of missionaries. It was done to create religious conformity in France. |
| 1685 revoked _______ | Louis XIV revoked the Edict of Nantes because it made "a country within a country." He wanted to create religious conformity to increase his power. |
| Treaty of Nimwegan, 1678 | It prevented France from attacking the Dutch but gave France territory that touched Switzerland. |
| 1702-1713 | The War of Spanish Succession. When Charles II of Spain died he left his whole country to Louis XIV's grandson instead of splitting it up. This disrupted the power of Europe. It ended with the peace of Utrecht, which partitioned Spain. |
| world war | The War of Spanish Succession touched all of Europe and was even fought in North America (Deerefield Massacre). |
| The Pyrenees exist no longer | When the French gained Spain in 1702, the French controlled the majority of Europe and were no longer contained by the Pyrenees mountains. |
| Blenheim, Ramilleis, Ouderarde, Malplaquet | Victories won by the Allied forces of the British under John Churchill and the Austrians under Prince Eugene of Savoy. These battles destroyed the French and kept them from achieving their status as the supreme power over all of the European continent. |
| 12 Tory commoners precendent | In order to gain a majority in the house of lords, Queen Anne gave peerage to twelve tories so that the Peace of Utrecht could be passed. This started the practice of giving peerages to gain a majority. |
| Sardinia and Bradenburg | These two areas were recognized as kings for their alliance against France. Savoy became Sardinia and Bradenburg became Prussia. |
| Philip V of Spain | The Grandson of Louis XIV was given the throne of France, but he lost all his European possessions and the two thrones were never allowed to be inherited by one person. |
| were only checked, not drowned | The French, although beaten, still held some power and some of their old possessions. They also continued to have strong influence in Spain. The War of Spanish Succession was not their final destruction. |
| asiento | the privilege to sell African slaves to South America. It also allowed for illicit non-human trade with Spanish South America. It was granted to the British after the war. |
| Treaty of Utrecht (1713) | The peace that ended the War of Spanish Succession. It limited the power of Spain and France, and increased greatly the power of Great Britain. |
| France and Great Britain | At the end of the Treaty of Utrecht, these two countries were the two left in power in Europe and abroad. All of the others had either faded or were under the control of these two, or else fighting amongst themselves. |
| Dutch barriers | A string of forts on the French-Belgian border that were maintained by the Dutch to protect them from the French. |
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