1.
25,000 genes from each parent packaged on 23 chromosomes: how many genes from your parents do you get from each
2.
alleles: the alternate form of a gene
3.
anaphase: the third phase of mitosis, during which the chromosome pairs separate and move toward opposite polesspindle fibers pull apart the chromotides making them 2 chromosomes moving to the opposite side of the cell
4.
animal cytokineses: animal- cleavage furrow forms as it grows, it pinches cell into 2, plant- a cell plate froms between the two nuclei and grows into a new cell wall dividing the cell
5.
antigens: molecule on the surface of a pathogen that identifies it as a foreign invader to the immune system
6.
asexual organisms: reproduce constantly and continuously
7.
behavioral isolation: form of reproductive isolation in which two populations have differences in courtship rituals or other types of behavior that prevent them from interbreeding
8.
bio geography: looking at life currently and why it is in exsistance, dealing with the geographical distribution of animals and plants
9.
biological diversity on earth: a result of speciation. the tools of micro evolution also work.
10.
biological species concept: the potential to interbreed and produce viable offspring, a species concept defining a species as a population or group thereof whose members potentially interbreed and produce fertile offspring
11.
bottleneck effect: Genetic drift that occurs when the size of a population is reduced, as by a natural disaster or human actions. Typically, the surviving population is no longer genetically representative of the original population.
12.
cell cycle control: plasma membrane---growth factors---receptor protein---signal transduction pathway---control system
13.
cells anchorage growth: cells anchor to dish surface and divide, cells form a single layer they stop dividing, if some cells are scraped away the remaining cells will fill in the missing layer, providing an additional supply of growth factors simulate growth production
14.
chemo: affects spindle fibers from making new cells but also attacks every cell going through mitosis
15.
comparative anatomy: decent with modification
-human, cat, whale, bat, The comparison of body structures and how they vary among species
16.
comparative embryology: looking at any organism where genes get turned on and off pharengely slits.The comparison of early stages of development
17.
Darwin conclusion: populations over time would reflect adaptation of those individuals that survived and reproduced. the power of the environment would influence who survived and who reproduced
18.
Darwin ideas: more individual are produced then can survive and reproduce. there is variation of characteristics within a population. there is unequal reproductive success based on variation, limited resources, comptition for resources, passing down traits to offspring, variation within a population
19.
Darwin theory: decent with modification and change over time
20.
decent with modification: process by which descendants of ancestral organisms spread into various habitats and accumulate adaptations to diverse ways of life
21.
directional selection: form of natural selection in which the entire curve moves; occurs when individuals at one end of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals in the middle or at the other end of the curve
22.
disruptive selection: natural selection that favors individuals with either extreme of a trait, form of natural selection in which a single curve splits into two; occurs when individuals at the upper and lower ends of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals near the middle
23.
dominant genes: member of a gene terror that controls the appearance of a certain trait, genes that mask other genes' effects
24.
duchenne muscular dystrophy: A human genetic disease caused by a sex-linked recessive allele; characterized by progressive weakening and a loss of muscle tissue.
25.
ecological species concept: A definition of species in terms of ecological niche, the sum of how members of the species interact with the nonliving and living parts of their environment.
26.
example of macro evolution: dinosaurs to birds
27.
fitness: the number of off spring an individual has compared to others in the population
28.
fossil record: chronological collection of life's remains in sedimentary rock layers, soft tissue doesn't leave a fossil too often
29.
founder effect: Genetic drift that occurs when a few individuals become isolated from a larger population, with the result that the new population's gene pool is not reflective of the original population.
30.
gametes isolation: male and female gametes die before uniting or fail to unite
31.
gene flow: exchange of genes between populations, ex coyotes from Texas with coyotes from California
32.
gene pool: combined genetic information of all the members of a particular population
33.
generating variety;independent assortment, crossing over, fertilization: why we have sex
34.
genes code for proteins.: what do genes do?
35.
genetic drift: the gradual changes in gene frequencies in a population due to random events
36.
genetic make up: genotype
37.
genotype: the genetic makeup of the organism, a group of organisms sharing a specific genetic constitution
38.
Gregor Mendel: began modern era of genetics came up with most of genetic terminology
39.
habitat isolation: populations live in different habitats and do not meet
40.
hemophilia: sex-linked recessive disorder defined by the absence of one or more proteins required for blood clotting
41.
heterozygous: having two different alleles for a trait
42.
heterozygous: two different alleles, having two different alleles for a trait
43.
homozygous: having two identical alleles for a trait
44.
how many genes are in our skin tone?: three genes in our skin tone six alleles
45.
karyotype: the appearance of the chromosomal makeup of a somatic cell in an individual or species (including the number and arrangement and size and structure of the chromosomes)
46.
linked genes: genes located on the same chromosome that tend to be inherited together in genetic crosses
47.
loci: specific locations of genes along the chromosome
48.
macro evolution: evolution on a large scale extending over geologic era and resulting in the formation of new taxonomic groups
49.
mechanical isolation: mating does not occur due to reproductive parts not fitting together
50.
mechanisms of micro evolution: genetic drift, gene flow, mutations, sexual selection, natural selection
51.
meiosis: (genetics) cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms
52.
Mendel hypothesis: there are alternative forms of genes alleles for each inherited characteristic an organism has two genes one from each parent a sperm or egg carries only one allele for each when the two genes of a pair are different alleles they are called dominant ans recessive
53.
metaphase: second phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell, spindle fibers move chromosomes to the equator
54.
micro evolution: change in the populations gene pool over time, evolution on the smallest scale—a generation-to-generation change in the frequencies of alleles within a population
55.
mitosis: in eukaryotic cells, a process of cell division that forms two new nuclei, each of which has the same number of chromosomes, asexual
56.
molecular biology: the branch of biology that studies the structure and activity of macromolecules essential to life (and especially with their genetic role), genes code for proteins and decent with modification
57.
mono hybrid: cross with genes each offspring gets two packages one from each parent. , A hybrid produced by crossing parents that are homozygous except for a single gene that has two alleles (as in Mendel's experiments with garden peas)
58.
morphological species concept: structural features, characterizes a species by its body shape, size, and other structural features
59.
mutations: Random errors in gene replication that lead to a change in the sequence of nucleotides; the source of all genetic diversity, changes in genetic material
60.
natural selection: the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those that lead to increased reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations
61.
non disjunction: error in meiosis in which homologous chromosomes fail to separate
62.
nucleus: a part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction, the positively charged dense center of an atom
63.
phenotype: physical traits of the organism, what an organism looks like as a consequence of its genotype
64.
phylogenetic species concept: defines a species as a set of organisms with a unique genetic history
65.
plant cytokineses: cell wall ends up with two daughter cells
66.
population: same species living in the same area in the same time
67.
post zygotic barriers: reduced hybrid viability: offspring's development is impaired. reduced hybrid fertility: offspring is sterile. hybrid breakdown: 2nd generation hybrids are not viable and/or fertile
68.
prezygotic: isolating mechanism that prevents two species from producing a fertilized egg
69.
prophase: first and longest phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes become visible and the centrioles separate and take up positions on the opposite sides of the nucleus, 1. chromosomes coil up to package them easier to move 2. spindlefibers appear 3. the nucleus disappears
70.
punnet square: A chart that shows all the possible combinations of alleles that can result from a genetic cross
71.
recessive genes: they are broken they do not work
72.
red green color blindness: A class of common sex-linked human disorders involving several genes on the X chromosome; characterized by a malfunction of light-sensitive cells in the eyes; affects mostly males but also homozygous females
73.
sexual reproduction: reproduction involving the union or fusion of a male and a female gamete, generates variety in off spring variety is needed to survive variety
74.
sexual selection: A form of natural selection in which individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely than other individuals to obtain mates.
75.
sexual selection may be first for feather..: in dinosaurs, feathers in dinosaurs feathers are for warmth, and flight. a non-symmetrical feather is for flight a symmetrical feather is non flight
76.
somatic cells: all the cells of your body except your sex cells
77.
spindle fibers: help pull apart the cell during replication and are made up of micrtubules, special microtubules which grow in mitosis, connect to chromosomes, and move the chromosomes around
78.
telophase: fourth and final phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes begin to disperse into a tangle of dense material, chromosomes uncoil
79.
temporal isolation: form of reproductive isolation in which two populations reproduce at different times
80.
tetrad: paring of chromosomes and beginning of variety, the four chromatids in a pair of homologous chromosomes that come together as a result of synapsis during meiosis
81.
traits were passed on from parent to offspring, farmers had controlled livestock and plant breeding for thousands of years: what Mendel knew at the time
82.
trisomy: A genetic condition of having three chromosomes instead of two. The conidtion causes various birth defects
83.
what material accounted for the traits, how were the traits packaged, why some traits skipped generations, he experiments with pea plants: what Mendel didn't know
84.
x chromosome: the sex chromosome found in both men and women. Females have two X chromosomes; males have one. An X chromosome from each parent produces a female child
85.
y chromosome: the sex chromosome found only in males. When paired with an X chromosome from the mother, it produces a male child.
86.
zygote: a fertilized egg, produced by the joining of a sperm and an egg
