World History Honors Final Flashcards
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282 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Renaissance | "rebirth"; a movement centered on the revival of interest in the classical learning of Greece and Rome |
| humanism | intellectual movement during Renaissance; focused on human potential and achievements & worldly subjects |
| secular | worldly |
| Baldassare Castiglione | Italian humanist who wrote "The Courtier" |
| Niccolo Machiavelli | Italian humanist who wrote "The Prince" |
| Lorenzo de Medici | part of powerful family and supported/funded the arts |
| Leonardo da Vinci | famous artist; Mona Lisa, The Last Supper; Renaissance man |
| Michelangelo Buonarroti | famous sculptor; works include Pieta, David, Sistine Chapel |
| Raphael | painter and architect; The School of Athens |
| Bramante | architect; St. Peter's Basilica |
| Johannes Gutenburg | invented movable type; which resulted in most dramatic upheaval in history |
| Desiderius Erasmus | Christian humanist who wrote extensively about the need for a pure and simple Christian life |
| Sir Thomas Moore | wrote Utopia |
| William Shakespeare | famous English playwright |
| Christine de Pisan | Italian woman who wrote "The City of Women" |
| Albretcht Durer | German artist who painted with oils and used techinques of realism, perspective, and texture |
| Jan van Eyck | Flemish painter who focused on landscapes and domestic life, used symbolism |
| Protestant Reformation | religious movement; split Christan church in Europe and led to establishment of several new churches |
| indulgences | pardons issued by the pope that could gain salvation and reduce soul's time in purgatory |
| Martin Luther | German monk whose protests (95 theses) against the Church led to calls for reform |
| theocracy | est. by Zwingli; a govt in which church and state are joined & officials are considered divinely inspired |
| John Calvin | important reformer during Reformation; founded Calvinism & predestination |
| predestination | preached by Calvin; belief that one's salvation is already decided |
| Henry VIII | king of England who turned from the Catholic church and created the Church of England |
| annulled | declared invalid; referring to Henry VIII's marriage to Catherine of Aragon |
| Elizabeth I | daughter of Henry VIII and protestant Queen who persecuted Catholics |
| Counter-Reformation | Catholic Church's series of reforms in response to spread of Protestantism |
| Jesuits | Society of Jesus; influential Catholic group |
| Ignatius of Loyola | nobleman who founded Jesuit order |
| Council of Trent | convened to redefine doctrines of the Catholic Faith |
| Charles Borromeo | archbishop of Milan who took steps to reform |
| Francis of Sales | worked in France against Calvinism |
| Teresa of Avila | inspirational Carmelite nun during Counter-Reformation |
| caravel | a light, fast sailing ship used for exploring |
| Henry the Navigator | Prince of Portugal and patron of exploration, directed voyages of discovery along the African coast |
| Vasco da Gama | Portuguese explorer who sailed around the tip of Africa and reached India |
| Christopher Columbus | Italian explorer who reached the Americas in 1492 while searching for a western sea route to Asia |
| Ferdinand Magellan | Portuguese explorer who was first to circumnavigate the globe |
| circumnavigate | sail completely around |
| Sir Francis Drake | English admiral who rounded the tip of South America and explored the west coast |
| Henry Hudson | English navigator who discovered the Hudson river |
| encomienda | Spanish colonial system in which a colonist was given land and Native Americans in exchange for teaching the Natives Christianity |
| conquistador | conqueror; spanish term |
| Moctezuma II | Aztec emperor at the time of Spanish arrival |
| Francisco Pizarro | conquistador who invaded Peru's Incan Empire |
| Atahualpa | Incan ruler |
| viceroys | Spanish officials |
| Bartolome de Las Casas | Spanish priest and reformer |
| Treaty of Tordesillas | drew an imaginary line through the Atlantic, everything to the west belonged to Spain and everything East was Portugal's |
| Columbian exchange | global transfer of disease, food, and animals between Europe and America |
| mercantilism | economic policy that declared a nation's strength depended on its wealth |
| balance of trade | the difference in value between what a nation imports and exports over a period of time |
| subsidies | grants of money |
| capitalism | economic system in which most businesses are privately owned |
| joint-stock companies | businesses formed by groups of people who jointly make an investment and share in the profits and losses |
| plantations | estates where cash crops were grown on a large scale |
| triangular trade | trading network that carried goods and enslaved people between Europe, the Americas, and Africa |
| Middle Passage | second leg of triangular trade that brought Africans to the Americas to be sold as slaves |
| Olaudah Equiano | African American abolitionist |
| African Diaspora | dispersal of African throughout the America and Western Europe |
| ghazis | warriors for the Islam faith |
| Ottomans | powerful family of Osman and his descendants |
| sultan | "ruler" |
| Janissaries | boys converted to Islam and trained as elite soldiers and made loyal only to the sultan |
| Mehmed II | strong military Ottoman leader who took Constantinople |
| Suleyman I | "the Magnificent"; Ottoman empire reached its height under his rule |
| shah | "king"; Persian title |
| 'Abbas | strong shah of Safavid empire who reformed the government and military |
| Babur | "the tiger"; known as Zahir ud-Din, founded Mughal Empire |
| Mughal Empire | founded by Babur; from "Mongol", India's first Muslim empire |
| Akbar the Great | greatest Mughal ruler, united the empire and reformed government and military |
| Sikhism | blended Islam and Hinduism |
| Taj Mahal | greatest example of Mughal architecture |
| Aurangzeb | self-made Mughal emperor of and expanded its borders, but led to the decline of Mughals |
| Hongwu | "vastly martial" founded the Ming dynasty, brought reform and prosperity to China by re-instituting Confucian principles and eliminating corrupt officials and reducing taxes |
| Yonglo | Ming ruler who moved Ming capital to Beijing (Forbidden City built) |
| Zheng He | Chinese Muslim admiral who led seven voyages around the Indian Ocean to demonstrate China's power and gain tribute |
| Matteo Ricci | an Italian Jesuit priest who gained influence in China; introduced European thinking |
| Kangxi | Qing emperor; reduced taxes and expanded empire, supported education and Jesuits |
| Qianlong | Quing emperor; expanded China to its largest size in history |
| Lord George Macartney | British official who came to China to discuss expanding trade with China |
| samurai | trained professional warriors in Japan |
| Bushido | "the way of the warrior"; strict code of ethics |
| Zen Buddhism | a form of Buddhism spread throughout China and Japan; stressed discipline and meditation |
| shogun | "general" |
| daimyo | powerful warlords who held large estates, gained control of their own territories and battled for power |
| Tokugawa Ieyasu | established Tokugawa Shogunate after gaining complete control of Japan |
| haiku | form of poetry with 3 lines and 17 syllables |
| kabuki | new type of theater in Japan |
| Yi Song-gye | powerful general gained control of Korea and established Choson kingdom |
| absolute monarch | a ruler whose power was not limited and believed to be given their power by divine right |
| divine right | concept that held that the monarchs received their power from God and couldn't be challenged |
| Charles V | elected Holy Roman Emperor |
| Peace of Augsburg | agreement that gave each German prince the right to decide whether his state would be Catholic or Protestant |
| Philip II | Charles' son; led Catholic efforts to recover parts of Europe from protestantism; tried to stop Eng from raiding his ships and return it to Catholicism |
| El Greco | a Greek painter; religious symbolism |
| Miguel de Cervantes | wrote Don Quixote |
| Sister Juana Ines de la Cruz | Mexican nun who wrote poerty, porse and plays |
| SPanish Armada | Navy assembled by Philip II to attack England |
| Huguenot | French Calvinist |
| Saint Batholomew's Day Massacre | event in Paris that killed thousands of Huguenots by order of Catholic queen |
| Edict of Nantes | granted Huguenots limited freedom of worship and presented break from conformities of the past |
| Louis XIII | young weak king who ruled with guidance of Cardinal Richelieu |
| Cardinal Richelieu | chief minister under Louis XIII and most trusted adviser |
| Louis XIV | "sun king"; history's best example of an absolute monarch; expensive, lavish king (Versailles) |
| War of the Spanish Succession | war fought over the Spanish throne; Louis XIV wanted it for his son and brought Europe to war over it |
| Treaty of Utrecht | stated that Louis' grandson got the Spanish throne, but France and Spain would never again have the same monarch, territory had to be surrendered from France |
| Puritans | a group of strict Calvinists who demanded the Church of England reform |
| Charels I | Stuart who defied Parliament which triggered the English Civil War |
| Royalists | Charles' supporters, mainly wealthy nobles; opposition called "roundheads" |
| commonwealth | a republican govt based on the common good of all the people |
| Restoration | event in which Parliament reconvened and voted to bring back the monarchy |
| Charles II | new king of England after Restoration |
| Glorious Revolution | transfer of power to William III and Mary II, the rightful heirs |
| William and Mary | Mary was daughter of James I and William was her husband; invited back to rule England |
| constitutional monarchy | a monarchy limited by law |
| boyars | landowner in Russia |
| czar | young prince title in Russia |
| Ivan IV | "Ivan the Terrible" first Russian ruler to assume title of czar; |
| Peter the Great | Czar of Russia who transformed Russia into a modern state; westernized Europe |
| westernization | process of bringing elements of Western culture to Russia |
| Catherine the Great | Czarina of Russia who introduced a number of reforms and continued Peter's policy of westernization |
| Thirty Year's War | conflict in Europe that faought over religion and power among ruling dynasties; began after Protestant rebellion against Holy Roman Empire |
| Treaty of Westphalia | ended the 30 years' war |
| Maria Theresa | inherited Hapsburg throne |
| Frederick the Greatt | Prussian ruler who seized the Austrian provinces |
| geocentric theory | belief that the earth was the center of the universe and the stars, moon, and sun revolved around it |
| Scientific Revolution | age that posed new theories and ways of thinking in science |
| scientific method | consists of five basic steps to solving an experiment/problem |
| Rene Descartes | developed the scientific method |
| Nicolaus Copernicus | came up with heliocentric theory |
| heliocentric theory | discovery that the earth revolves around the sun |
| Galileo | Italian scientist who built first telescope and discovered several planets and moons |
| Isaac Newton | English scientist who discovered theory of gravity |
| Robert Boyle | father of modern chemistry; discovered atoms |
| Lavoisier | law of conservation of mass |
| Enlightenment | age of reason |
| salons | social gathering held by Parisian women to promote new ideas |
| Thomas Hobbes | Englishman believed people needed government to impose order, believed people were naturally "solitary, poor, nasty, brustish..." |
| social contract | Hobbes' belief in the exchange between society and government |
| John Locke | English philosopher who believe people were naturally happy, tolerant and reasonale; all are born with natural rights and govt protects natural rights |
| Jean Jacques Rousseau | French philosopher; believed people were born good and equal; believed govt should work for common good and individuals should be given rights |
| Baron de Montesquieu | French thinker, argued the best govt. included a separation of powers with branches |
| Voltaire | French philosopher; attacked injustice in the government |
| Old Order | ancient regime |
| King Louis XVI | French king at the time of the Revolution |
| Marie-Antoinette | Louis' wife; beheaded during revolution |
| First Estate | made up of Roman Catholic clergy |
| Second Estate | nobility |
| Third Estate | peasants |
| sans culottes | "without knee breeches" peasants |
| Declaration of the RIghts of Man and of the citizen | declaration that laid out the basic principles of the Revolution |
| Maximillian Robespierre | radical leader known for his intense dedication to the Revolution |
| guillotine | a device that dropped a sharp heavy blace through the victim's neck |
| counterrevolution | a revolution against a govt that was established by a revolution |
| Reign of Terror | a serious of accusations, trials, and executions that created a wave of fear throughout the country |
| Napoleon Bonaparte | a ruthlessly ambitious mili leader who became emperor over France and much of Europe |
| Admiral Horatio Nelso | British naval commander who captured Napoleon's ships and destroyed the French fleet |
| coup d'etat | a forced trasfer of power; Directory to Napoleonic rule |
| plebiscite | question put before all voters by Napoleon; "Did they want to declare France an empire?" |
| Continental System | Napoleon's effort to plan a blockade on Great Britian's trade that prohibited France or any allies to trade with them |
| nationalism | a sense of identity and unity as a people |
| Czar Alexander I | Russian ruler who defeated Napoleon |
| Hundred Days | brief period of revewed glory for Napoleon and of problems for his enemies |
| Congress of Nienna | grand meeting to create a plan to restore order and stability to Europe after Napoleonic Wars |
| Prince Klemens von Metternich | represented Austria at congress |
| Charles Maurice de Talleyrand | represented for France |
| Duke of Wellington | British leader at Battle of Waterloo |
| indemnity | large payment to other countries to compensate for damage |
| Industrial Revolution | era when the use of power-driven machinery was developed |
| enclosure movement | movement that allowed for more efficient faming methods and increased food supply |
| factors of production | land, labor, and capital |
| cottage industry | a craft occupation performed in the home |
| industrialization | the process of changing to power-driven machinery |
| First country to industrialize | Great Britain |
| flying shuttle | doubled the speed at which a weaver could do the job; inventions such as these resulted in job loss |
| factory | building that housed industrial machines |
| James Watt | steam engine |
| Robert Fulton | Clermont steamship |
| labor union | organizations representing workers' interests |
| strikes | work stoppages |
| mass production | the system of manufacturing large numbers of identical items |
| interchangeable parts | identical machine made parts |
| assembly line | innovation in which the product moves from worker to worker as each one performs a steph in the manufacturing process |
| laissez-faire | "free to do" economics in which govt. doesn't interfere with business |
| Adam Smith | leading advocate for laissez faire; "The Wealth of Nations" |
| Thomas Malthus | ideas about population; believe population grew faster than food and would reach a limit |
| entrepeneur | someone who starts a new business |
| Andrew Carnegie | "rags to riches" success; steel industry corporation |
| socialism | belief that for the good of all society the govt should control industry |
| Karl Marx | declared that as capitalism grew, workers would become impoverished |
| communism | system in which govt own almost all means of production and controls economic planning |
| standard of living | level of material comfort |
| Queen Victoria | ruler of Great Britain; held longest rule in Britain history; reign became known as Victorian Era |
| Factory Act | limited the working hours of children in textile factories |
| Reform Act of 1832 | gave industrial cities representation in Parliament for the first time |
| suffrage | the right to vote |
| Emmeline Pankhurst | founder of the Women's Social and Political Union |
| Louis Phillipe | (1) ruler with constitutional monarchy; peasants grew poorer and upper class became prosperous |
| Louis Napoleon | (2) president of French republic |
| Napoleon III | (2) elected emperor of France |
| Dreyfus Affair | revealed the extent of anti-semitism; a Jew falsely accused and tried even though known to be innocent |
| anti-semitism | prejudice towards Jews |
| Zionism | a Jewish nationalist movement to re-create a Jewish state in its original homeland |
| Theodor Herzl | covered Dreyfus affair trial |
| Giuseppe Mazzini | leader for Young Italy movement; wanted unification of the separate Italian states |
| Camillo di Cavour | founded a nationalist newspaper; prime minister of the independent kingdom of sardinia |
| Giuseppe Garibaldi | "sword''; Red shirts group leader; gained control of Sicily |
| Victor Emmanuel | King of Sardinia; offered Sicily |
| Frederick Wilhelm IV | Prussian king who promised a constitution and other reforms, but went against many of these promises |
| Zollverein | customs union |
| Otto van Bismark | a conservative and politician; leading force behind German unification; |
| Wilhelm I | new Prussian king who chose Bismark as Prussia's prime minister |
| realpolitik | govt was practical rather than idealistic |
| "Blood and Iron" | fighting, war, and action; Bismark used this phrase and built the Prussian army into a great war machine |
| Austro-Prussian war | Prussian victory over Austria |
| Franco-Prussian War | Prussian victory over France |
| Franz Joseph I | ruled an unstable Austrian empire; rebelled by Magyars |
| Dual Monarchy | Austria-Hungary; problem with different languages and ignored minorities |
| Crimean War | war over the Holy Land; ended in a stalemate |
| Balkan Wars | costed the Ottoman Empire most of its land |
| Young Turks | nationalist group who began a revolution; fought against absolute revolution |
| autocracy | govt by one ruler with unlimited power |
| serfs | agricultural workers |
| Alexander II | Freed serfs and modernized Russia |
| pogroms | widespread violent attacks |
| Trans-Siberian RR | linked western Russia with Siberia; built by Nicholas II |
| Russo-Japanese War | Russian defeat; shocked Russians and unrest grew |
| socialist republic | a society in which there would be no private property and the state would collectively own and distribute goods |
| Vladimir Lenin | Marxist who supported overthrowing of czar |
| Bloody Sunday | day in Russian history when troops fired at protest groups in winter palace |
| Duma | an assembly that would approve all laws |
| British East India Company | trading company established by Britain in India |
| spheres of influence | idk that one |
| Meiji Restoration | ...hmmm |
| Triple Alliance | Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy |
| Triple Entente | France, Great Britian, Russia |
| Franz Ferdinand | archduke of Austria-Hungary |
| Gavrilo Princip | young Serbian man who assassinated Franz Ferdinand |
| Central Powers | Germany, Austria-Hungary |
| Allied Powers | Great Britain, France, Russia, Serbia |
| Western Front | deadlocked region in northern France |
| trench warfare | fighting from trenches |
| total war | war requiring the use of all of society's resources |
| propaganda | information designed to influence people's opinions |
| Battle of Verdun | German attack solely meant to kill as many French as possible |
| Battle of the Somme | main Allied assault with no major breakthrough |
| Third Battle of Ypres | British offensive that ended in a disaster for the British |
| Gallipoli Campaign | the Allies planned to land a force of the Gallipoli Peninsula to destroy guns and forts; failure |
| genocide | deliberate destruction of a racial, political, or cultural group |
| Bolsheviks | small Marxist group that sought to change life in Russia through Revolution |
| Grigory Rasputin | a self-proclaimed (actually corrupt) Holy man and healer who advised the czar's wife |
| Marxism-Leninism | Bolshevism |
| New Economic Policy | a plan that permitted some capitalist activity in Russia because many peasants were starving |
| Leon Trovsky | top Bolshevik official |
| Woodrow Wilson | president of US during WWI |
| U-boats | German submarines |
| Zimmerman Note | secret message from German diplomat Arthur Zimmerman to officials in Mexico in which Germany proposed that Mexico attack the US in exchange for the return of their land stolen by the US |
| Lusitania | passenger ship sunk by Uboats with Americans onboard |
| armistice | truce |
| Fourteen Points | Woodrow Wilson's plan for peace; included reduction of weapons and proposed org formed with all of the world's nations |
| Treaty of Versailles | stated that the Germans take full responsibility for the war and pay for all damages |
| League of Nations | formed by Treaty of Versailles |
| mandates | territories to be ruled by European powers |
| Balfour Declaration | favored establishing a Jewish state in Palestine |
| Long March | purpose was to find a safe place for the Chinese communists in China |
| Jiang Jieshi | led partnership of communists and Guomindang nationalists |
| Amritsar Massacre | 400 people killed by Britishin Amritsar |
| Mohandas Gandhi | Indian lawyer who organized protests against British and believed in nonviolence |
| Kemal Ataturk | "Father of the Turks"; first president of Turkey |
| Manchurian Incident | Japanese leader decided to conquer the Manchuria region for natural resources |
| Manchukuo | Japanese control in Manchuria |
| Anti-Comintern Pact | Japan and Germany agreed to work together to oppose the spread of communism |
| Nanjing Massacre | 100,000 Chinese citizens murdered by Japanese |
| Fascism | an authoritarian form of govt that places the good of the nation above all else |
| Benito Mussolini | dictator of Italy after WWI; founded National Fascist party and wanted to build a great empire out of Italy |
| totalitarianism | attempt by a govt to control all aspects of life |
| Joseph Stalin | Soviet dictator; communist |
| Gulag | labor camp |
| Nazi Party | Nationalist Social Party; established by Adolf Hitler |
| Nuremberg Laws | created a separate legal status for German Jews, eliminating their citizenship and many rights |
| Kristallnacht | Night of Broken Glass; days of encouraged ant-Jewish riots |
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