CHO: Integrated Metabolism
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25 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 glycogenesis | process by which glucose is stored as glycogen |
| glycogenolysis | breakdown of glycogen |
| glycolysis | oxidation of glucose |
| hexose monophoshate shuttle (PPP) | production of 5- carbon monosaccharides and NADH |
| TCA Cycle (krebs, citric acid) | oxidation of pyruvate and acetyl-CoA |
| gluconeogenesis | making glucose from non-carbohydrate sources (amino acids) |
| liver | site of glycogenesis, 7% by weight glycogen (store more in this one space) |
| skeletal muscle | site of glycogenesis, 1% glycogen (stored throughout body) |
| glycogen synthase | creates long chains of glucose joined by α 1-4 bonds |
| branches of glycogen | using α 1-6 glycosidic bonds, are located roughly every 7-13 glucosyl units |
| glycogenin | protein that starts off the glycogen molecule, found at core of particle |
| Glycogenin has self glycosylating activity | able to add about 7 glucose units onto itself, end to end |
| first step of glycogenolysis | glycogen phosphorylase |
| second step of glycogenolysis | phosphoglucomutase |
| first step of glycogen synthesis (glycogenesis) | phosphoglucomutase |
| second step of glycogen synthesis (glycogenesis) | pyrophosphorylase |
| third step of glycogen synthesis (glycogenesis) | glycogen synthase |
| epinephrine | A hormone from the adrenal medulla, released in proportion to the increase in metabolic stress; Binds to a beta adrenergic receptor on muscle and liver cells (also binds to α receptor in liver) |
| adenylyl cyclase | turns ATP into a cyclic AMP (cAMP) and a PPi. |
| cAMP | activates a protein kinase called protein kinase A (PKA) |
| protein kinase A(pKA) | phosphorylates two enzymes: glycogen phosphorylase kinase b and glycogen synthase |
| GPKb | in muscle, activated by increase in Ca |
| Pi and AMP concentrations | increase sharply and rapidly at the onset of vigorous physical activity. |
| start of moderately intense steady state exercise | rate of lactate formation is highest, then slowly decreases |
| liver cell glucose is ↑ | no need to break down liver glycogen |
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