RossHistory - all terms
About this set
Created by:
Kristie_turkal on May 25, 2011
Subjects:
Classes:
Log in to favorite or report as inappropriate.
Order by
102 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Scientific Method | New way of examination started during Scientific Revolution; observation and examination |
| deductive reasoning | go from general to a particular example; taking general theories and applying them to particular facts |
| inductive reasoning | go from particular facts or observations to a general theory |
| Francis Bacon | Promoted the scientific method |
| Newton | - enlightenment - invented calculus - discovered white light was actually a mixture of all colors - improved telescope - defined gravity as everything is attracted to another |
| Galileo | - taught mathmatics - invented telescope - discovered craters on the moon and four moons revolving around jupiter - supported Copernicus |
| Copernicus | -Scientific revolution thinker -did not agree with geocentric theory instead he thought that everything revolved around the sun |
| Geocentric | -theory accepted by the church that everything revolved around the earth - later disproved by Copernicus |
| Heliocentric | -discovered by Copernicus -theory that everything revolves around the sun |
| Louis XIV (14th) and absolute power | - king of France - had an absolute monarchy - sun king (wanted to be the center of everything) - reins 75 yrs - controls nobles by having them live at Versailles some of the time - used intendants to moniter and control power of nobles |
| The Fronde | series of French noble revolts; made Louis XIV want to have even more power |
| Richelieu | Louis XIII's prime minister; hires middle class to watch nobles (intendants); Louis XIV also uses intendants |
| intendants | group of middle class officials who check on the nobles to make sure they do not have that much power; also ensured that the king had power |
| Sun King | Louis XIV |
| Bourbons | France's royal family |
| Habsburgs | Austrian royal family |
| Fountain of Latona | - fountain at Versailles built by Louis XIV - tells Legend about the peasants who would not let Latona have a drink of water at the lake so she turned them into frogs - Louis XIV built this as a reminder of the nobles' failed revolt; reminder what will happen if they try it again |
| Versailles | - Louis XIV royal court/capital of France under his reign - very expensive to build; contained a lot of gold |
| Huguenots | french name for Protestants |
| Divine Right Monarchy | Monarchies where people believe that their leader has been given the right to rule from god |
| Enlightened Despotism | system where absolute monarchs use the principles of the enlightenment to reform their country |
| Joseph II | enlightened despot; emperor of Austria; 1780-1790; interested in farming; wants to make tax system fair; founded homes for the deaf and hospitals; thinks everyone should speak German; dedicated to rationalism |
| Catherine the Great | Queen of Russia 1762-1796; probably killed her mentally challenged husband; attempted to westernize the law and fails; eliminates torture in judicial proceedings; creates civil bureaucracy and eliminates tax barriers |
| Mozart | lived during Joseph II reign; musical genius |
| John Locke | enlightenment philosopher; everyone is born with a blank mind and people are molded by their environment; gov't is only there to secure rights of people; people should be able to make their own choices as long as they do not interfere with others; everyone is born with natural rights |
| Hobbes | enlightenment philosopher; believed that people needed to give up all rights to a monarchy in order to be saved from "the war of all against all"; everyone is just grey matter |
| Rousseau | people are born free; complete democracy -> give the rights to the people; thought women were naturally different; art and science lead to laziness and boredom; against slavery; The social contract |
| Montesquieu | French philosopher that advocated separation of powers into legislative, judicial, and executive so no one would have too much power |
| Voltaire | leader of French enlightenment; freedom of religion/trade; |
| Wollstonecraft | enlightenment thinker; feminist; women should have power over themselves; women should be educated; once women are free they will be better wives; women should have representatives in government |
| Impact of Enlightenment on the French Revolution | Showed French the they did not have to live under absolute power and that there are other ways of government; got them to question authority |
| The Salon | A place where Enlightenment thinkers could meet and discuss ideas; run by woman |
| Louis XVI | A king of France; shy, socially awkward, pudgy; French revolution occurs under his reign -> he pretends to like it but is really writing to monarch friends for help |
| Marie Antoinette | wife of Louis XVI and queen; spent lots of money on fashion; did not care about the French people; "Let them eat cake" |
| Three Estates | social classes in France 1st - clergy 2nd - nobles 3rd - poor |
| Estates General | traditional meeting of the 3 estates; 1st time to be called in 127 yrs during Louis XVI reign; |
| Necker | Louis XVI's finance minister who advocated french involvement in the American Revolution by providing loans |
| Bastille | prison that French rebels attacked and tore down to symbolize the fall of the monarchy |
| Declaration of the Rights of Man | document abolishing class distinctions -> all are equal; freedom of press |
| Robespierre | Leader of French revolution, enforced the Terror, was killed after he was believed to be overly radical |
| Marat | retired doctor; had a skin condition that forced him to sit in the bathtub; writes newspaper that accuses people of disliking the revolution -> tons of people were killed; he is eventually murdered; After death is viewed as a martyr |
| Jacobins | radicals of the revolution |
| The Terror | suspended the rights of the French revolution; many people are killed for being traitors |
| Girondins | opposed the Jacobins |
| Committee of Public Safety | French Revolution Committee; made to protect the people, but ends up killing them all |
| Napoleon as a leader | - napoleonic code - powerful centralized gov't - promoted to to ability not status - commanding presence/ could control France - kept promises - non-french pay cost of war - became increasingly indifferent about the well-fare of the masses |
| Napoleonic Code | - one of Napoleon's greatest accomplishments - uniform law -> everyone equal -rich and poor treated equally - serfdom abolished - protected property rights - divorce is legal - unlike ideas of revolution, women are now less than men - all newspapers had to be read by the gov't first |
| Austerlitz | - battle where Napoleon shoots the frozen lake causing it to break and kill enemies - height of Napoleons Military Career -> greatest victory - used his smaller army to defeat a bigger one |
| Waterloo | - final defeat of Napoleon -> leads to congress of Vienna |
| Napoleon's Russian campaign | - one of Napoleon's greatest failures - Napoleon invades Russia -> Russians burn down Moscow leaving Napoleon no food or supplies -> starvation - becomes winter and Napoleon is forced to retreat |
| Wellington | British Duke who defeated Napoleon at Waterloo |
| Talleyrand | foreign minister of France during Congress of Vienna |
| Simon Bolivar | The George Washington of the Latin American Revolution |
| Romanticism | - new intellectual movement - stressed importance of feeling and emotion - interested in history - promoted natural things - dislikes rationalism occurring in the industrial revolution and enlightenment Art: - based off emotions and nature - reflection of one's inner feelings - eg. Poet -> William Wordsworth |
| Beethoven | - one of the greatest composers of all time - Romantic musician - goes deaf |
| Byron | romantic hero of the 1800s (someone who is melancholy, breaks rules, but is brilliant, and dies a tragic young death) - romantic poet |
| Hudson River school (paintings) | school of romantic painters in the US who paint landscapes |
| Joseph Turner | - romantic painter - did not like machines - hurricane hits slave ships |
| Owen | -utopian socialist -industrious factory owner -wanted to reform; set up ideal communities -> good schools, housing, conditions, hours |
| Fourier | -utopian socialist - thought people should live in communities called phalanxes - jobs are based off of what people like to do - cooperation is key |
| Sait-Simon | -utopian socialist - new christianity and government run by scientist and philosophers - equality for woman |
| Adam Smith | -utopian socialist -laissez-faire economics -invisible hand -> natural law of supply and demand |
| Laissez-faire | - belief of Adam Smith - idea that if government leaves businesses alone the economy will flourish |
| David Ricardo | -Utopian socialist - Iron law of wages: workers should be paid just enough to get by otherwise they will have too many children causing imbalance in food supply |
| Robert Malthus | -Utopian socialist -population grows geometrically, 1,2,4,8,16,32... - food supply grows arithmetically, 1,2,3,4,5... -famine and food crisis were inevitable |
| Industrialization in England | - Started in England b/c: surplus of labor, gov't support(enclosure acts- small farmers lands taken over by private owners -> lots of unemployed farmers), canals, coal fields, efficient banking system. - factors that supported industrialization in england; profit motive(motive to make money), science + tech. -Inventions: Tull invented seed drill Newcomen invented practical steam engine Kay invented flying shuttle Arkwright invented water frame watt improved steam engine |
| Impact of Industrialization | -economic and transportation development → world -economy -trading between different countries increased -Europe dominated world economy through beginning of the 20th century -raised wages and lower prices → more people buying consumer goods -substitution of steel for iron -electricity -mass produced products |
| Marx and critics | - Utopian Socialist - "workers of the world unite" -influenced by french revolution - political, social, economic equality - communist -though religion was a drug - dialectic -> Marx's way to predict history Critics: his use of the word "class" and misunderstanding of price and value |
| Industrialization in Japan | -1860s; rapid; samurai disapproved; rapid -Western influences; nationalism, studying abroad, emperor rules not shogunate - still have traditional values - built railroads, shipyards, banks - silk was main money crop - first Asian power to be considered equal to the West |
| Matthew Perry | American who opens up Japan to the west; bring industrialization to Japan |
| Sakoku | the foreign policy in which no outsider could enter Japan on the penalty of death; remained this way until Mathew Perry came and convinced them otherwise |
| Tokugawa Shogunate | The real rulers of Japan, not the emperor; |
| Opium Wars | British start trading China opium in exchange for tea -> saves British lots of money; China does not want Opium -> write letter to Queen Victoria asking her to please stop selling it to them; Chinese burn a lot of Opium to try to get rid of it Results; european control of Chinese ports (treaty of Nanjing); economic injury; some chinese come to U.S.; British get Hong Kong; British people get their own rights(Exterritoriality) |
| Taiping rebellion | rebellion in China due to opium wars, economic instability, Hong Xiuquan and Hakka followers; - Meiji wins; high death toll |
| Hong Xiuquan | Leader of Taiping rebellion in China; eventually defeated; has a dream and believes that he is Jesus Christ's brother -> wants to make heavenly kingdom in China |
| Self Strengthening Movement | reform in china; emperor reforms schools, railroads, laws, education; public work programs; tried to westernize while still keeping confucian principles; only partial success |
| Failure of China to Modernize | China, unlike Japan they does not modernize; keep Confucius ideas; Opium wars and economic instability prevent modernization; do not open up to the west |
| Meiji Reforms | Meiji try to reform and westernize, but fail - westernize gov't and westernize military by getting rid of samurai |
| Baroque (art) | type of art; intricate; colorful; theatrical eg: Carivagio(bad tempered), Ruben(swirling motion, fat baby angels); Bernini(sculptor, The ecstasy of St. Teresa) |
| Rococo (art) | type of art; light, elegant, heavenly; normally has a person in it |
| Neo-Classical (art) | type of art; sharp lines and contrast; normally based off something Greek or Roman |
| Romantic (art) | type of art; often subject matter was nature; what the artist is feeling; e.g. Joseph Turner |
| Imperialism | efforts of capitalist states in the west to seize markets and cheap raw materials for investment in the countries beyond western civilization; know assimilation-(controlling and transforming the society) Vs. association-(controlling, but leaving local traditions alone); Reasons: White man's burden, extra money, need of raw materials, Nationalism; Military protects trading |
| Queen Victoria | Queen of England during Industrial Revolution, Imperialism, Opium Wars (never responded to chinese letter) |
| Albert | Queen Victoria's German husband; was his idea to build the Crystal Palace, a big glass building, to symbolize their superiority in the industrial revolution |
| Gladstone | high moral purpose; export of civilized values through trade; rival of Disraeli |
| Disraeli | rival of Gladstone; believed in expanding British empire |
| Social Darwinism | Darwin's theory applied to humans; Herbert Spenser; life is "survival of the fittest"; Theory that people and races are subject to the same laws of natural selection as Darwin proposed for plants and animals |
| Herbert Spenser | British philosopher who applied Darwinism to people; Social Darwinism -> human life is a struggle ruled by "survival of the fittest" |
| Imperialism in Africa | carved up africa in the late 1800's -> wanted the raw materials; fought over suez canal and congo |
| Cecil Rhodes | English farmer in Africa who notices kids playing with rocks and sees a diamond -> starts digging for diamonds and becomes really rich; has a monopoly over the diamond business -> tricks African leader to give his town away for Rhodes to dig for diamonds (Boer War) |
| Berlin Conference | European powers met in Germany to discuss how to divide up Africa |
| Sigmund Freud | father of psychology; ego, super ego, and id |
| Impressionism | type of art; expression of feelings; not an exact reproduction of a picture, but captures the essence of the scene as a whole e.g.: Renoir and Monet |
| 1453 | year when: Ottomans Conquer Constantinople |
| 1750 | year when: Beginning of industrialization in England |
| 1789 | year when: French revolution and US constitution |
| 1815 | year when: Congress of Vienna |
| 1837 | year when: Queen Victoria and Romanticism |
| 1850 | year when: Crystal Palace (built by Britain to symbolize their superiority in the industrial revolution), opium wars, and imperialism |
| 1867 | year when: Meiji restoration |
| 1884 | year when: Berlin conference; impressionism |
First Time Here?
Welcome to Quizlet, a fun, free place to study. Try these flashcards, find others to study, or make your own.