Global Studies I Exam
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33 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Constantine | The first emperor to convert to Christianity which was a huge turning point in the church. He issued the Edict of Milan which allowed Christians to follow their faith. When he was an emperor he used his government to empower Christianity. He assembled important church leaders at Nicea, which led to the Nicene Creed. He also defeated the emperors Maxentius and Licinius during civil wars. The colony of Byzantium was transformed into Constantinople, named after him. |
| Twelve Tables | • Background- During the time of the Early Roman Republic. • Cause- An important victory for the plebeians (common-people) was to force the creation of the Twelve Tables because the patricians (wealthy and high-class) officials often interpreted the law to suit themselves. • In 451 B.C, ten officials began writing down the Roman Laws. • Effects- The Twelve Tables became the basis for the Roman legal code and established the idea that all free citizens had a right to the protection of law. |
| Hegira | When Muhammad was spreading his beliefs in Mecca, the polytheistic citizens of the city were threatening his life and his followers. Because of this, Muhammad and his followers migrated to Medina 622 A.D. Medina was located 200 miles north of Mecca, both of which are in modern day Saudi Arabia. After mustering his followers and forces in Medina, Muhammad was able to journey back to Mecca. Upon seeing his vast armies, Mecca surrendered, and all of the polytheistic idols of the Arabian culture were destroyed; Muhammad now controlled Mecca and his religion was able to spread with its rich religious capital. Because of its importance in Muhammad's life, Medina is the second holiest city in Islamic religion. |
| Justinian (483 AD- 565) | Emperor of Eastern Byzantine Empire from 527 until death. He sent his best general Belisarius to regain all of the lands lost from Rome. Came up with the Justinian Code that helped regulate issues between Eastern and Western empires and rebuilt the Hagia Sophia the greatest christian church. |
| Guild | Emperor of Eastern Byzantine Empire from 527 until death. He sent his best general Belisarius to regain all of the lands lost from Rome. Came up with the Justinian Code that helped regulate issues between Eastern and Western empires and rebuilt the Hagia Sophia the greatest christian church. |
| Monotheism | The doctrine or belief that there is only one god. Religions that are monotheistic are: Christianity, Judaism, and Islam. The oppostite of monotheism is polytheism which is the belief in many gods. The three main monotheistic religions are the basis for the crusades and jihad is general, and the wanting of the Holy Land to be theirs in the 1000s through 1400s. |
| Clovis | Clovis was the king of the Franks (Germans) and also controlled much of Gaul. His dynasty, the Merovingian's strived for more than 200 years, until the rise of the Carolingians. He was the kingdom's political and religious founder. He brought Christianity to the region. |
| Hammurabi | -sixth king of babylon -reigned from 1792 B.C.-1750 B.C. -Most well known for Code of Laws -extending Babylon's control over Mesopotamia -the earliest-known example of a ruler proclaiming publicly to his people an entire body of laws |
| Edward III | Edward III claimed the French throne after the last Capetian king died without a successor. The war that he launched for the throne went on and off from 1337 to 1453, and became known as the Hundred Years' War. During the war be brought England to victory in the battle of Crecy and Poitiers, and this led to the creation of the Treaty of Bretigny. And with the Treaty of Bretigny, Edward rejected his claims for the French throne, but it secured his extended French possessions. While his early reign was successful his later reign was marked with military failure and political problems. And after around 1375 he had a limited role in the government, and in February 1377 of stroke. |
| Iconoclasm | Icons were religious images used by Christians to "aid their devotions". Leo III banned icons because he saw them as idol worship. This controversy caused riots and clergy rebellions. This controversy tested the monarch's authority over religious matters. |
| Common Law | Common law is when previous rulings of judges from similar cases are used as "law" to prove a side in a case. (Ex. If one judge decided that segregation was right then in another case someone would say that this has already been determined as right. ) This system of law was developed by Henry the second and also lead to the creation of juries and circuit judges. These judges investigated and determined verdicts by customs and their interpretations (common law). |
| Pope Urban II | In March 1095, a delegation from the Byzantine emperor Alexius I presented Urban with a request for help against the Turks. Pope Urban II's response was to preach the First Crusade, starting on November 27, 1095, at the Council of Clermont. |
| The Wars of the Roses | The Wars of the Roses were a series of civil wars fought in medieval England from 1455 to 1687 between the House of Lancaster and the House of York. Major causes of the conflict include: 1) both houses were direct descendents of king Edward III; 2) the ruling Lancastrian king, Henry VI, surrounded himself with unpopular nobles; 3) the civil unrest of much of the population; 4) the availability of many powerful lords with their own private armies; and 5) the untimely episodes of mental illness by king Henry VI. |
| Pericles | Pericles (495-429 BC) - An influential statesman, orator, and general of Athens during the Golden Age. He turned the Delian League into an Athenian empire and led his countrymen during the first two years of the Peloponnesian War. He was the leader of Athens for 32 years. |
| Investiture Controversy | Investiture- ceremony in which kings and nobles appointed church officials. Whoever controlled (lay) investiture held the real power in naming bishops, who were very influential clergy that kings sought to control. In 1122 representatives of the Church and the emperor met in the German city of Worms. They reached a compromise known as the Concordat of Worms. By its terms the Church alone could appoint a bishop, but the emperor could veto the appointment. |
| Hellenism | The part of Mediterranean region that spoke Greek. The influence of Greek civilization on Rome, Carthage, India, and other regions which were never part of the empire of Alexander. Hellenism showed the influence of elements of Greek civilization into territories. The period in between the death of Alexander and Cleopatra. |
| Thomas Becket | Thomas Becket lived around the time of 1118 A.D. in London, England. He was the Archbishop of Canterbury under King Henry II. Right before he was murdered by four of King Henry's knights, he excommunicated some of Henry's bishops that were supporting him. It is still unknown today of whether King Henry II is guilty of Thomas Becket's death. |
| William the Conqueror | William the Conqueror had many accomplishments in his lifetime. He wrote the Domesday Book and won the Battle of Hastings, he was a very successful ruler of England. The Domesday book was the first census every recorded in Europe and it recorded the amount of people that lived in England and however much livestock those people had. The Battle of Hastings was between the English army and the Norman army. |
| Concordat of Worms | Causes: Struggle between the empire and the papacy over the control of church offices, Investiture Controversy Consequences: Marked the end of the first phase of the conflict between the two powers; bishops and abbots to be chosen by the clergy but king has power to decide contested elections; regalia: power, privileges, and lands regarding the chosen man's office as vassal, authority of the king; spiritualia: clerical powers and lands (symbolized by staff and ring), authority of the church Individuals Involved: Pope Calixtus II and Henry V When: 1122 Where: England, Holy Roman Empire |
| Joan of Arc | Joan of Arc was a young French girl who led an attack against the English after claiming that she saw visions of divine characters. -Dressed as a man, Joan of Arc led an attack at the Battle of Orleans and won the battle. -Joan of Arc was tried for heresy and was burned at the stake. |
| Socrates | Socrates ( ~ 470 - 399 B . C . ) was an important Athenian figure during the time of Greek Philosophy . Socrates questioned everyone about their beliefs . He had something called the Socratic Method , which is still , in a way , used today ( Socratic Seminar ) . He was most known for his student ' s , Plato , work . At 7O years of age , he was put of trial for contaminating / corrupting the youth and he was executed with Hemlock . |
| Primogeniture | The system of inheritance or succession by the firstborn, specifically the eldest son. |
| Secular | Not pertaining to or connected to religion or with God Not having anything to do with the church |
| Paleolithic age | also known as the stone age. gives us ideas about prehistoric behaviors dating from 2.5 to 20000 years ago. * it begins with neardranthrals and ends with the development of many practices * practices such as hungting and gathering that are needed to survive and this sets a future for society * there are three parts to remember. these parts are the lower, middle and upper they all have specific qualities. * the lower is known for humans to start roaming the earth and creating life through stone tools * the middle is where modern behaviors begin to mold like caring for the elderly, establishing rituals for everyday and religion and sophisticated tool making *the upper is known for the spreading of humans and gives us traits to remember it as like carving in caves to communicate or tell a story. this is where cave art nd hunting begin to revolve. |
| RICHARD III | • Richard III was king of England for two years. He was the last king of the house of York and of the Plantagenet dynasty. He took the throne after his brother, King Edward IV died; this came along with the controversy of the deaths of the young princes Edward V and Richard. He was defeated by Henry VII at the Battle at Bosworth in 1485 during the War of the Roses. During his reign Titulus Reguis was written that described how Richard rose to throne and was the rightful king. |
| Polytheism | ·Polytheism is the belief in more than one god Polytheism was practiced in ancient Greece, Rome, and Egypt Polytheism is also still practiced in religions such as Hinduism The Gods that people who are polytheistic believe in take on the form and characteristics of objects found in nature A culture can have a number of gods depending on how advanced the civilization was Some lesser gods, over time diminish in power or vanish all together |
| Spartacus | • Born 109 BC, Died 71 BC • A leader of a major slave revolt against the Roman Republic called the Third Servile War. • Served the Romans as a soldier but later became a slave and well known gladiator. • He lived in several countries throughout his life mainly because of slavery and historians don't know much about him. |
| The Hundred Years War | The Hundred Years War was a long lasting conflict during the 14th century. This war lasted for 116 years. During the war, a lot of kings were overthrown and a lot of new kings took over the throne. The war was between 1337 - 1453. |
| Gregory I | Gregory the Great, was a Roman Pope in 590 until his death. He was most famous for expanding the popes job from just in the church. He expanded their jobs to polotics and more involved in political life. After he died, he was cannonized as a saint. |
| Alexander the Great | He was the son of Philip II and lived in 356 BC to 323 BC. He received military training in the Macedonian army and was a student of Aristotle. Alexander became great leader and conquered much land in Asia Minor, Syria, Egypt, and Mesopotamia. Alexander became King of Macedonia at the age of 20, but sadly, died at age of 30. |
| Philip II | After watching a bunch of French land get taken whenever his father was in power, Philip II was determined to regain some of that territory. He tried this with no avail until John Softsword came into power. John had little military prowess, and Philip Augustus conquered with ease. |
| Henry V | September 1386 - 31 August 1422.He was the second monarch belonging to the House of Lancaster.After military experience fighting rebellions against his father Henry IV Henry came into political conflict with the increasingly ill king. After his father's death, Henry rapidly assumed control of the country and embarked on war with France. From an unassuming start, his military successes in the Hundred Years War, culminating with his famous victory at the Battle of Agincourt saw him come close to conquering France. After months of negotiation with Charles VI of France, the Treaty of Troyes recognised him as regent and heir to the French throne, and he was subsequently married to Charles' daughter Catherine of Valois. |
| Delian League | Founded in 477 BC,was an association of Greek city-states, members numbering between 150 to 173, under the leadership of Athens, whose purpose was to continue fighting the Persian Empire after the Greek victory in the Battle of Plataea at the end of the Greco-Persian Wars. |
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