HFPA exercise sience exam
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114 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Gliding joints | a non axial joint that only allows for sliding and twisting movents. This includes the Sacro - Iliac joint |
| Hinge joints | Uni axial joints, with strong collateral ligaments that permit movement in one plane about a single axis of motion. Like the Elbow. |
| Pivot joint | This type of joint allows rotation around a central axis. The only movement in a pivot joint is rotation. Like the Radio-Ulna joint. |
| Condyloid joint | a Bi - axial joint that allows movemnt in 2 planes. Rotational movement is not possible. Like the metacarpals & phalangas |
| Saddle | This can be seen as a modified codyloid joint as it allows movement in 2 planes. In this case the bone sits in the articular surface of the other. Like the Carpo - metacarpal joint of the thumb |
| Ball and Socket joint | a Tri - axial joint that permits movement in all the planes of motion as well as rotational movemnet around a central axis. Like the Shoulder and hips |
| Stenrocleidomastoid | O- anterior surface of the sternum, upper surface of the clavicle I- mastoid process of the Temporal bone. Responsible for flexion, lateral flexion and rotaion. |
| Levator scapulae | O- transverse processes of cervical vertabrae. I - Medial margin of Scapula. Responsible for lateral flexion |
| Transverse abdominal muscles | Runs circumferentially and girdles the abdomen.O- Illiac crest. I - Xiphoid process, linea alba. Pulls the abdomen in |
| Internal Obliques | O- Inguinal ligament, Illiac crest. I - Linea alba, Xiphoid process. Lateral flexion, rotation to same side |
| Rectus Abdominus | O - Crest of pubis, symphysis pubis. I - Xiphoid prosess of the sternum, costal cartlidges. Trunk flexion, assists lateral flexion |
| External Obliques | O - cartlidges of the lower 8 ribs. I - Linea alba and Illiac crest. lateral flexion to same side & rotation to opposite side. |
| Erector Spinae | O - Spinious processes of T9 - T12 I - Spiniouos processes of T1 / T2 Extends the vertabral colum |
| Trapezius 1 & 2 | O - Occipital bone and spines of cervical & thoracic vertabrae. I - Clavicle, spine and acromion process of scapula. Elevation , abduction - retraction |
| Rhomboideus majoir | O - spines of upper thoracic vertabrae. I - Medial border of scapula elevation, abduction - retraction, downward rotation |
| Serratus anterior | O - Outer surfaces of the upper ribs. I - Ventral surface of the scapula. Abduction - protraction |
| Two important shoulder joints | Acromio - clavicular joint Sterno - clavicular joint |
| Acromio - clavicular joint | The joint between the acromium and the lateral end of the clavicle. the acromioclavicular ligament spans this joint. |
| Sterno - clavicular joint | The joint between the sternal / medial end of the clavicle and the sternum. |
| Pectoralis major | O - clavicle, sternum & costal cartlidges of upper ribs I - Intertubercular groove of the humerus Flexion, extension, Adduction, medial rotation. |
| Coracobrachialis | O - Corocoid process of scapula I - Shaft of the humerus Flexion, adduction |
| Biceps brachii | O - Coracoid process and tuercle above glenoid caity of scapula. I - Radial tuberosity of the radius Flexion, medial rotarion & abduction |
| Deltoid | O - Acromion process, spine of scapula and clavicle. I - Tuberosity of humerus Lateral roation, abduction & medial roation. |
| Latissimus dorsi | O - Spines of sacral, lumbar and loweer thoracic vertebrae. I - Intertubercular groove of the humerus. Extension, medial rotation & adduction. |
| Teres Major | O - Lateral border of scapula. I - Intertubercular groove of the humerus. Extension, medial rotation & adduction |
| Teres Minor | O - Lateral border of scapula I - greater tubercle of the humerus Extension & lateral rotation |
| Triceps brachii | O -Tubercle below glenoid cavity & lateral / medial surfaces of humerus. I - Olecranon process of ulna Extension , adduction |
| Supraspinatus | O - Posterior surface of scapula I - greater tubercle of the humerus. |
| Rectus femoris | O - Spine of Ilium & margin of actetabulum. I - Patellar ligament to tibial tuberosity Flexion, horizontal flexion |
| Tensor fascia latae | O - anterior iliac crest. I - fascia of thigh flexion, horizontal flexion |
| Sartorius | O - Anterior superior iliac spine I - Medial surface of the tibia Flexion, horizontal flexion |
| Gluteus maximus | O - Sacrum, coccyx and posterior surface of ilium. I - Posterior surface of femur and fascia of thigh Extension, horizontal abduction, outward rotation. |
| Gluteus medius | O - lateral surface of ilium I - greater trochanter ot the femur Abduction, Inward rotation, horizontal abduction |
| Gluteus minimus | O - Lateral surface of the ilium I - Greater trochanter of femur abduction, Inward rotation & horizontal abduction |
| Hamstring | Biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus |
| Biceps femoris | O - ischial tuberosity and posterior surface o f gemur. I - Head of fibula & lateral condyle of tibia. Extension |
| Adductor magnus | O - ischial tuberosity I - Posterior surface of femur Extension, adduction |
| Adductor longus | O - Pubic bone near symphysis pubis. I - posterior surface of the femur. adduction, horizontal flexion. |
| Lever system | ridged bar of fixed lenth centre of rotation (fulcrum) resistive force force applied |
| concentric contraction | the muscle which causes the movement to take place is the motive force and lever. |
| ecccentric contraction | When gravity causes the motion and the muscle resist the force, gravity becomes the motive force and the muscle the resistive force. |
| First class lever | the fulcrum lies between the morive force and the resistive force. extension of the elbow over head. Tilting the head back. |
| second class lever | The resistive force lies between the fulcrum and the motive force. push ups & heel raises |
| third class | effort lies between the fulcrum and resistance. Flexion of forearm or lower leg |
| levers | Can be seen as structures which make it possible increase either: A - the resistance that can be handled at the expense of speed & range of motion. B - the speed and range of motion at the expense of force. |
| 3 basic energy systems | 1- Phosphogen system 2- Anaerobic system 3- Aerobic system |
| phosphogen system | provides instant energy and is used for maximal short burst of muscle power |
| Anaerobic system | oxygen free enery production |
| aerobic system | oxygen rich energy production |
| anaerobic glycolysis | The breakdown of glucose withou oxygen to form ATP |
| Krebs cycle | a series of enzymed catalized chemical reactions wich is of importance in all living cells. |
| 3 Supporting systems of the body are | 1 - respiratory system 2 - cardiovascular system 3 - Digestive system |
| Respiratory system | Interchanges of gases |
| Cardiovascular system | transports oxygen to working muscles |
| digestive system | nutrients influence performance |
| Respiratory ventilation | The depth of each breath ( tidal Volume ) The breathing rate ( respiratory frequency ) |
| Anemia | Low levels of haemoglobin |
| Hypocapnia | Low levels of CO2 in the blood |
| Hypoventilation | A slow rate of ventilation |
| Litmiting factors during exercise | Lack of iron Smoking Elasticity of the lungs |
| VO2 Max | The maximal capacity to transport and utilise oxygen during exercise. |
| Individual aerobic potential | Is limited by VO2 max. it is genetically determind. Can be increased up to 15% by training. |
| Cardiovascular system responses to aerobic exersice. | Increase the stroke volume of the heart. Increase capillarisation to improve blood / O2 supply Increase blood volume |
| continous training | maintaining the same intesity for the duration of the workout. |
| Tempo training | Maintaining maximum pace for 20 - 40 min. |
| Fartlek / random training | Moving between different activities |
| Interval training | Repeated bouts of high intensity training. |
| Fast twitch fibers | Pale - designed for anaerobic metabolism. Mainly used for rapid powerful movements |
| Slow twitch fibers | Red - more suited for lower intensity loger duration activities. |
| Isotonic contraction (dynamic) | results in joint movement. Tension develops throughout the muscle as it contracts. Two types 1- Concentric 2- Eccentric |
| Isotonic - concentric contraction | When a muscle is activated and shortens. Flexion of the elbow. |
| Isotonic - eccentric contraction | When a muscle is activated and force is produced but the muscle lengthens. Extension of the elbow. |
| Isometric contraction | Static contraction - Contraction without any appreciable muscle shortening or joint movement. This occurs when you appy force to a immovable object. |
| Isokinetic contraction | The muscle contracts at a constant velocity. |
| Flexor muscles | allow a limb to bend at a joint |
| Extensor muscles | allow a limb to extend at a joint |
| Abductor muscles | allo movement of the limb away from the centre line of the body |
| Adductor muscles | allow movement of the limb towards the centre of the body |
| Antagonist / Protagonist | Muscle oppose each others movemnts. |
| Pulmonory ventilation | Movement of air into and out of the lungs. |
| Hamstring group | flexes the knee and extends the hip |
| Myocardial infraction | death of cardiac muscle cells in the heart wall |
| bodymass | lean body mass / ideal lean mass x present body mass |
| Endomorph | Rounded - high percentage body fat |
| Ectomorp | Slim - low percentage body fat |
| mesomorph | muscular - low percentage body fat |
| Kyphosis | round shoulders |
| Lordosis | hollow or sway back |
| Scoliosis | lateral curvature of the spine |
| 3 orientationplanes of the body | Saggital, Frontal, Horizontal |
| Frontal | Passes vertically through the body from front to back. |
| Saggital | Passes vertically through the body from left to right |
| Horizontal plane | Passes horizontally through the body dividing it into upper and lower halves. |
| Periosteum | Protect the bone nourish the bone Formation of bony tissues - remould & limit growth provide attachements for ligaments & tendons |
| Otontoid process | a stabilizing stucture for the articulating skull - atlas - axis. |
| median plane | a term used to describe whn dividing the body into 2 equal parts (l/R) |
| True ribs | Seven upper ribs - joined to the sternum directly by cartlidge |
| False ribs | The next 3 pairs - fastened by cartilage to the cartilidge of the rib directly above. |
| Floating ribs | The last two ribs - the end in the flank muscles of the abdomen. |
| function of spinal colum | Protecting the spinal cord |
| Ilium | gluteus muscle origin |
| Ischium | hamstring origin |
| Pubis | adductor muscle origen |
| Shin | THe anterior border of the Tibia |
| Scapula - anterior surface | The origins of the subscapularis muscle |
| Scapula - posterior surface | Origins of the, supraspinatus, infraspinatus & deltoids |
| scapula corocoid process | origin to the biceps, pectoralis minor |
| scapula glenoid cavity | origin to the biceps & triceps |
| Humeral tuberosity | rotator muscles |
| medial epicondile of the humrus | flexor muscles |
| Joint clasificatioin | cartilaginous joints Ligamentous joints Fibrous joints Sinoval joints |
| smooth muscle | Controlled by the involuntary nervous system. Its found in the holow organs of the body. |
| Cardiac muscle | The heart muscle. Each cell has its own intrinsic rhythm. |
| Skeletal muscle | Is controlled by the central nervous system and cause movement. |
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