***(Actual) Biology FINAL
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334 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 genetics | the science of heredity and of the mechanisms by which traits are passed from parents to offspring |
| heredity | the passing of traits from parents to offspring |
| trait | a genetically determined variant of a characteristic |
| pollination | the transfer of pollen from the male reproductive structures (the anthers) to the tip of a female reproductive structure (the pistil) of a flower in angiosperms or to the ovule in gymnosperms |
| self pollination | the transfer of pollen grains from an anther to the stigma of the same flower or to the stigma of another flower on the same plant |
| cross pollination | a reproductive process in which pollen from one plant is transferred to the stigma of another plant |
| true breeding | describes organisms or genotypes that are homozygous for a specific trait and thus always produce offspring that have the same phenotype for that trait |
| P generation | parental generation, the first two individuals that mate in a genetic cross |
| F1 generation | the first generation of offspring obtained from an experimental cross of two organisms |
| F2 generation | the second generation of offspring, obtained from an experimental cross of two organisms; the offspring of the F1 generation |
| dominant | describes the allele that is fully expressed when carried by only one of a pair of homologous chromosomes |
| recessive | describes a trait or an allele that is expressed only when two recessive alleles for the same characteristic are inherited |
| law of segregation | Mende's law that states that the pairs of homologous chromosomes separate in meiosis so that only one chromosome from each pair is present in each gamete |
| law of independent assortment | each member of a pair of homologous chromosomes separates independently of the members of other pairs so the results are random |
| molecular genetics | the study of the structure of nucleic acids and the function and regulation of genes |
| allele | one of the alternative forms of a gene that governs a characteristic, such as hair color |
| genotype | the entire genetic makeup of an organism; also the combination of genes for one or more specific traits |
| phenotype | an organism's appearance or other detectable characteristic that results from the organism's genotype and the environment |
| homozygous | describes an individual that has identical alleles for a trait on both homologous chromosomes |
| heterozygous | term used to refer to an organism that has two different alleles for the same trait |
| probability | the likelihood that a possible future event will occur in any given instance of the event; the mathematical ratio of the number of times one outcome of any event is likely to occur to the number of possible outcomes of the event |
| monohybrid cross | a cross between individuals that involves one pair of contrasting traits |
| punnett square | a graphic used to predict the results of a genetic cross |
| genotypic ratio | the ratio of the genotypes that appear in offspring |
| phenotypic ratio | the ratio of phenotypes produced by a cross |
| testcross | the crossing of an individual of unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive individual to determine the unknown genotype |
| complete dominance | a relationship in which one allele is completely dominant over another |
| incomplete dominance | a condition in which a trait in an individual is intermediate between the phenotype of the individual's two parents because the dominant allele is unable to express itself fully |
| codominance | a condition in which both alleles for a gene are fully expressed |
| dihybrid cross | a cross between individuals that have different alleles for the same gene |
| chromosomes | in a eukaryotic cell, one of the structures in the nucleus that are made up of DNA and protein; in a prokaryotic cell, the main ring of DNA |
| histone | a type of protein molecule found in the chromosomes of eukaryotic cells but not prokaryotic cells |
| chromatid | one of the two strands of a chromosome that become visible during meiosis or mitosis |
| centromere | the region of the chromosome that holds the two sister chromatids together during mitosis |
| chromatin | the material that makes up both mitotic and interphase chromosomes; a complex of proteins and DNA strands that are loosely coiled such that translation and transcription can occur |
| sex chromosome | one of the pair of chromosomes that determine the sex of an individual |
| autosome | any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome |
| homologous chromosome | chromosomes that have the same sequence of genes, that have the same structure, and that pair during meiosis |
| karyotype | a micrograph of the array of chromosomes visible in a cell during metaphase; a graphical display that shows and individual's chromosomes arranged in homologous pairs and in order of diminishing size |
| diploid | a cell that contains two haploid sets of chromosomes |
| haploid | describes a cell, nucleus, or organism that has only one set of unpaired chromosomes |
| binary fission | a form of asexual reproduction in single-celled organisms by which one cell divides into two cells of the same size |
| mitosis | in eukaryotic cells, a process of cell division that forms two new nuclei, each of which has the same number of chromosomes |
| asexual reproduction | reproduction that does not involve the union of gametes and in which a single parent produces offspring that are genetically identical to the parent |
| meiosis | a process in cell division during which the number of chromosomes decreases to half the original number by two divisions of the nucleus, which results in the production of sex cells |
| gamete | a haploid reproductive cell that unites with another haploid reproductive cell to form a zygote |
| interphase | a period between two mitotic or meiotic divisions during which the cell grows, copies its DNA, and synthesizes proteins |
| cytokinesis | The division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells immediately after mitosis. |
| prophase | the first stage of mitosis and meiosis in cell division; characterized by the condensation of the chromosomes and the dissolution of the nuclear envelope |
| spindle fiber | one of the microtubules that extend across a dividing eukaryotic cell; assists in the movement of chromosomes |
| metaphase | one of the stages of mitosis and meiosis, during which all of the chromosomes move to the cell's equator |
| anaphase | the stage of meiosis or mitosis when chromosomes move toward opposite ends of the nuclear spindle |
| telophase | the final stage of mitosis or meiosis, during which a nuclear membrane forms around each set of new chromosomes |
| cell plate | A double membrane across the midline of a dividing plant cell, between which the new cell wall forms during cytokinesis. |
| synapsis | The pairing of replicated homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis. |
| tetrad | the four chromatids in a pair of homologous chromosomes that come together as a result of synapsis during meiosis |
| crossing over | the interchange of sections between pairing homologous chromosomes during the prophase of meiosis |
| genetic recombination | the regrouping of genes in an offspring that results in a genetic makeup that is different from that of the parents |
| independent assortment | the random distribution of the pairs of genes on different chromosomes to the gametes |
| spermatogenesis | the process by which male gametes form |
| oogenesis | the production, growth, and maturation of an egg, or ovum |
| polar body | a short-lived product of the formation of gametes by meiosis |
| sexual reproduction | reproduction involving the union or fusion of a male and a female gamete |
| Griffith | Tried to develop a vaccine against a disease causing, or virulant strain of the bacterium |
| Virulant | describes a microorganism that causes disease and is highly infectious ; strictly, refers only to viruses that reproduce by the lyctic cycle |
| Transormation | the transfer of genetic material in the form of DNA fragments from one cell to another or from one organism to another |
| Avery | used enzymes to seperatley destroy each of the 3 molecules (protein, DNA, RNA) in heat killed S cells |
| Hershey-Chase Experiment | determined that DNA is the genetic material |
| bacteriophages | viruses that infect bacteria |
| nucleotide | monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base |
| deoxyribose | five-carbon sugar that is a component of DNA nucleotides |
| nitrogenous base | contains nitrogen atoms and carbon atoms and is a base |
| purines | nitrogeneous bases that have a double ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms such as adenine and guanine |
| pyrimidines | nitrogenous bases that have a single ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms, such as cytosine and thymine |
| base-pairing rules | the rules stating that cytosine pairs with guanine and adenine pairs with thymine in DNA, and that adenine pairs with uracil in RNA |
| complementary base pairs | the nucleotide bases in one strand of DNA or RNA that are paired with those of another strand; adenine pairs with thymine or uracil, and guanine pairs with cytosine |
| base sequence | the order of nitrogenous bases on a chain of DNA |
| DNA replication | process by which DNA is copied in a cell before a cell divides by mitosis, meiosis, or binary fission |
| helicases | enzymes that separate the DNA strands |
| replication fork | The Y-shaped region that results when the two strands separate |
| DNA polymerases | add complementary nucleotides, found floating freely inside the nucleus, to each of the original strands |
| semi-conservative replication | in each new DNA double helix, one strand is from the original molecule, and one strand is new |
| mutation | a change in the nucleotide-base sequence of a gene or DNA molecule |
| ribonucleic acid | The molecule that is responsible for assembling proteins based on the genetic information contained in DNA |
| RNA | a long linear polymer of nucleotides found in the nucleus but mainly in the cytoplasm of a cell where it is associated with microsomes |
| transcription | the process of forming a nucleic acid by using another molecule as a template; particularly the process of synthesizing RNA by using one strand of a DNA molecule as a template |
| translation | the portion of protein synthesis that takes place at ribosomes and that uses the codons in mRNA molecules to specify the sequence of amino acids in polypeptide chains |
| protein synthesis | the formation of proteins by using information contained in DNA and carried by mRNA |
| ribose | a five-carbon sugar present in RNA |
| messenger RNA (mRNA) | a single-stranded RNA molecule that carries the instructions from a gene to make a protein |
| ribosomal RNA (rRNA) | an organelle that contains most of the RNA in the cell and that is responsible for ribosome function |
| transfer RNA (tRNA) | an RNA molecule that transfers amino acids to the growing end of a polypeptide chain during translation |
| RNA polymerase | an enzyme that starts (catalyzes) the formation of RNA by using a strand of DNA molecule as a template |
| promoter | a nucleotide sequence on a DNA molecule to which an RNA polymerase molecule binds, which initiates the transcription of a specific gene |
| termination signal | a specific sequence of nucleotides that marks the end of a gene |
| genetic code | the rule that describes how a sequence of nucleotides, read in groups of three consecutive nucleotides (triplets) that correspond to specific amino acids, specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein |
| codon | in DNA, a three-nucleotide sequence that encodes an amino acid or signifies a start signal or a stop signal |
| anticodon | a region of tRNA that consists of three bases complementary to the codon of mRNA |
| genome | the complete genetic material contained in an individual |
| 1. 1928, British medical officer who studied bacterium called S. pneumoniae? | griffith |
| 2. Some strains of S. pneumoniae can cause the_____________ in mammals. | Lung disease pneumonia |
| 3. Each virulent bacterium is surrounded by a capsule made of ________ that protects it from a body's defense system. | Polysaccharides |
| 4. A bacterium in a virulent strain when grown in a Petri dish has smooth-edged colonies? | S strain |
| 5. A second strain of S pneumoniae doesn't cause pneumonia and lacks a capsule. | R strain |
| 6. S strain colonies are _________; however, R strain colonies are ___________? | Harmful; harmless |
| 7. In the early 1940s, American researcher who tested whether the transforming agent in Griffith's experiment was protein, RNA, or DNA? | Avery |
| 8. What enzyme destroys DNA? RNA? | DNase; RNase |
| 9. Two American researchers who set out to test whether DNA or protein was the hereditary material virus's transfer when viruses enter a bacterium? | Hershey and Chase |
| 10. DNA is the hereditary molecule in ________? | cells, body, viruses |
| 11. Two American biologists who determined the structure of DNA? | Watson and Crick |
| 12. DNA is made of two chains that wrap around each other in the shape of a ________? | Double Helix |
| 13. DNA is a nucleic acid made of two long strains of repeating subunits? | Nucleotides |
| 14. Phosphate group in a nucleotide consists of a phosphorus atom bonded to four ________? | Oxygens |
| 15. The sugar and phosphate group of nucleotides are connected by what kind of bonds? | Covalent Bonds |
| 16. The bonds holding nucleotide bases together. ________ | Hydrogen |
| 17. Two examples of purines ________ and ________ | adenine and guanine |
| 18. Three examples of pyrimidines _______, ________ and ________ | thymine, cytosine, uracil |
| 19. He was the American biochemist who thought of the base-pairing rules. ________ | chargaff |
| 20. What consists of one purine and one pyrimidine? ________________________ | Complementary base pairs |
| 21. One strand of DNA can serve as a ________ for making a new complementary strand of DNA. | template |
| 22. Some mutations can lead to ________. | cancer |
| 23. What is complementary base pair of ACCTGTGAGAC? ________ | TGGACACTCTG |
| 24. What is the complementary base pair for RNA of TGGACACTCTG? ________ | ACCUGUGAGAC |
| 25. In ________ cells replication begins at many points along the DNA. | Eukaryotic |
| 26. Chemicals and ultraviolet radiation from the sun can damage DNA with a ________. | Mutation |
| 27. An abnormal mass of cells is called a ________. | Tumor |
| 28. ________ do important work in cells, such as protecting the body against infections and carrying ________ in red blood cells. | Proteins; oxygen |
| 29. ________ is usually single stranded and the length of one gene. | RNA |
| 30. The making of protein is known as ________. | Translation |
| 31. ______________ are chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. | Polypeptides |
| 32. The ________ of the protein is critical to its function. | Shape |
| 33. How many base pairs are in 23 human chromosomes? ________ | 3.2 billion |
| sex chromosome | one of the pair of chromosomes that determine the sex of an individual |
| autosome | any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome |
| sex-linked trait | a trait that is determined by a gene found on one of the sex chromosomes, such as the X chromosome or the Y chromosome in humans |
| linked gene | one of a pair of genes that tend to be inherited together |
| chromosome map | a diagram of gene positions on a chromosome |
| map unit | in chromosome mapping, an increment of 1 percent in the frequency of crossing-over |
| germ-cell mutation | mutation that occurs in an organism's gametes |
| somatic-cell mutation | a mutation that occurs in a body cell |
| lethal mutation | a gene or chromosomal mutation that influences the development of an organism in such a way that the organism cannot survive |
| deletion | the loss of a part of DNA from chromosome. |
| inversion | a reversal in the order of the genes, or of a chromosome segment, within a chromosome |
| translocation | the movement of a segment of DNA from one chromosome to another, which results in a change in the position of the segment; also the movement of soluble nutrients from one part of a plant to another |
| nondisjunction | the failure of homologous chromosomes to separate during meiosis I or the failure of sister chromatids to separate during mitosis or meiosis II |
| point mutation | a mutation in which only one nucleotide or nitrogenous base in a gene is changed |
| substitution | a mutation in which a nucleotide or a codon in DNA is replaced with a different nucleotide |
| frameshift mutation | a mutation, such as the insertion or deletion of a nucleotide in a coding sequence, that results in the misreading of the code during translation because of a change in the reading frame |
| insertion mutation | a mutation in which one or more nucleotides are added to a gene |
| pedigree | a diagram that shows the occurrence of a genetic trait in several generations of a family |
| carrier | in genetics, an individual who has one copy of a recessive autosomal allele that causes disease in the homozygous condition |
| genetic disorder | an inherited disease or disorder that is caused by a mutation in a gene or by a chromosomal defect |
| polygenic | describes a characteristic that is influenced by many genes |
| complex character | a character such as skin color that is influenced strongly by both genes and the environment |
| multiple allele | more than two alleles (versions of the gene) for a genetic trait |
| codominance | a condition in which both alleles for a gene are fully expressed |
| incomplete dominance | a condition in which a trait in an individual is intermediate between the phenotype of the individual's two parents because the dominant allele is unable to express itself fully |
| sex-influenced trait | an autosomal trait that is influenced by the presence of male or female sex hormones |
| Huntington's disease | a rare hereditary disease of the brain characterized by involuntary movements of the limbs or face, decreasing mental abilites, and eventual death |
| amniocentesis | a procedure used in fetal diagnosis in which amniotic fluid is removed from the uterus of the pregnant woman |
| chorionic villi sampling | a procedure in which the chorionic villi to are analyzed to diagnose fetal genotypes |
| genetic counseling | the process of testing and informing potential parents about their genetic makeup and the likelihood that they will have offspring with genetic defects or hereditary diseases |
| gene therapy | a technique that places a gene into a cell to correct a hereditary disease or to improve the genome |
| biogenesis | the production of living organisms from other living organisms |
| spontaneous generation | a hypothetical organic phenomenon by which living organisms are created from nonliving matter |
| radiometric dating | the process of measuring the absolute age of geologic material by measuring the concentrations of radioactive isotopes and their decay products |
| mass number | the sum of the number of neutrons and protons in an atomic nucleus |
| radioactive isotope | isotope in which the nucleus decays (breaks down) over time, giving off radiation in the form of matter and energy |
| microsphere | a type of microscopic droplet enclosed by a membrane composed of organic molecules |
| isotope | one of two or more atoms with the same atomic number but with different numbers of neutrons |
| radioactive decay | the disintegration of an unstable atomic nucleus into one or more different nuclides, accompanied by the emission of radiation, the nuclear capture or ejection of electrons, or fission |
| half-life | the time required for one half of the atoms of a radioisotope to emit radiation an decay products |
| coacervate | a tiny spherical droplet of assorted organic molecules (specifically, lipid molecules) which is held together by hydrophobic forces from a surrounding liquid. They were even once suggested to have played a significant role in the evolution of cells and, therefore, of life itself. |
| ribozyme | An enzymatic RNA molecule that catalyzes reactions during RNA splicing. |
| archaea | prokaryotes (most of which are known to live in extreme environments) that are distinguished from other prokaryotes by differences in their genetics and in the makeup of their cell wall; members of the domain Archaea (singular, archaeon) |
| chemosynthesis | the production of carbohydrates through the use of energy from inorganic molecules instead of light |
| cyanobacteria | predominantly photosynthetic prokaryotic organisms containing a blue pigment in addition to chlorophyll |
| ozone | a form of oxygen that has three oxygen atoms in each molecule instead of two. protects us from dangerous ultraviolet radiation from the sun |
| endosymbiosis | Process through which early prokaryotic cells are thought to have engulfed other, smaller cells and eventually incorporated them as organelles; these cells evolved into modern-day eukaryotes. |
| evolution | a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage) |
| strata | Layers of rock |
| natural selection | a natural process resulting in the evolution of organisms best adapted to the environment |
| adaptation | (physiology) the responsive adjustment of a sense organ (as the eye) to varying conditions (as of light) |
| fitness | ability of an individual to survive and reproduce in its specific environment |
| fossil | the remains (or an impression) of a plant or animal that existed in a past geological age and that has been excavated from the soil |
| superposition | a principle that states that younger rocks lie above older rocks if the layers have not been disturbed. |
| relative age | the age of something compared with other things |
| absolute age | the age of a rock given as the number of years since the rock formed |
| biogeography | dealing with the geographical distribution of animals and plants |
| homologous structure | similar structure found in more than one species that share a common ancestor |
| analogous structure | structures that are not the same in form but are used for the same purpose ex: bird wing and fly wing |
| vestigial structure | parts of an organism that are no longer functioning and do not affect survival |
| phylogeny | (biology) the sequence of events involved in the evolutionary development of a species or taxonomic group of organisms |
| convergent evolution | process by which unrelated organisms independently evolve similarities when adapting to similar environments |
| divergent evolution | when two or more species sharing a common ancestor become more different over time |
| adaptive radiation | process by which a single species or small group of species evolves into several different forms that live in different ways; rapid growth in the diversity of a group of organisms |
| artificial selection | selection by humans for breeding of useful traits from the natural variation among different organisms |
| coevolution | process by which two species evolve in response to changes in each other |
| population genetics | The study of genetic changes in populations; the science of microevolutionary changes in populations. |
| microevolution | evolution on the smallest scale—a generation-to-generation change in the frequencies of alleles within a population |
| bell curve | shows whereas a few individuals of a species in a population are very short and few are very long, most are of an average length |
| gene pool | combined genetic information of all the members of a particular population |
| allele frequency | how often a form of a gene appears in a gene pool |
| phenotype frequency | equal to the number of individuals with a particular phenotype divided by the total number of individuals in the population |
| hardy-weinberg genetic equilibrium | genotype frequencies in a population tend to remain the same from generation to generation unless acted on by outside influences |
| immigration | movement of individuals into an area occupied by an existing population |
| emmigration | the movement of individuals out of a population |
| gene flow | movement of alleles into or out of a population due to the migration of individuals to or from the population |
| genetic drift | the gradual changes in gene frequencies in a population due to random events |
| sexual selection | A form of natural selection in which individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely than other individuals to obtain mates. |
| stabilizing selection | form of natural selection by which the center of the curve remains in its current position; occurs when individuals near the center of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals at either end |
| disruptive selection | form of natural selection in which a single curve splits into two; occurs when individuals at the upper and lower ends of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals near the middle |
| directional selection | form of natural selection in which the entire curve moves; occurs when individuals at one end of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals in the middle or at the other end of the curve |
| speciation | The process by which a new species evolves from a prior species, the most basic process in macroevolution. |
| morphology | the branch of biology that deals with the structure of animals and plants |
| biological species concept | a species concept defining a species as a population or group thereof whose members potentially interbreed and produce fertile offspring |
| geographic isolation | form of reproductive isolation in which two populations are separated physically by geographic barriers such as rivers, mountains, or stretches of water |
| allopatric speciation | The formation of new species in populations that are geographically isolated from one another. |
| reproductive isolation | condition in which a reproductive barrier keeps two species from interbreeding |
| prezygotic isolation | a barrier to successful breeding that occurs before fertilization, such as differences in mating time or behavior |
| postzygotic isolation | reproductive isolation that occurs after members of two different species have mated and produced a hybrid offspring. Such hybrids are usually unable to reproduce |
| sympatric isolation | reproduction of organisms living together |
| gradualism | The theory that evolution occurs slowly but steadily |
| punctuated equilibrium | a model of evolution in which short periods of drastic change in species, including mass extinctions and rapid speciation, are separated by long periods of little or no change |
| prokaryote | a single-celled organism that has no nucleus and has no membrane-bound organelles; examples include bacteria and archaea |
| peptidoglycan | A protein-carbohydrate compound that makes the cell walls of bacteria rigid |
| methanogen | a microorganism that produces methane gas |
| halophile | an organism that can grow in, or favors environments that have very high salt concentrations |
| thermoacidophile | an organism that grows well in a warm, acidic environment |
| bacillus | a rod-shaped bacterium |
| coccus | a sphere-shaped bacterium |
| spirillum | a spiral-shaped bacterium |
| streptococcus | a coccus that grows with others in chains; examples include cocci of the disease-causing species Streptococcus mutans |
| staphylococcus | A coccus that grows with others in grapelike clusters; examples include cocci of the species staphlococcus aureus |
| gram-negative bacterium | a bacterium that, in the Gram stain process, is stained reddish-pink and that has a small amount of peptidoglycan in its cell wall |
| gram-positive bacterium | a bacterium that, in the Gram stain process, is stained purple and that has a large amount of peptidoglycan in its cell wall |
| antibiotic | a substance that inhibits the growth of or kills microorganisms |
| plasmid | a circular DNA molecule that is usually found in bacteria and that can replicate independent of the main chromosome |
| capsule | in bacteria, a protective layer of polysaccharides around the cell wall |
| glycocalyx | a bacterial capsule that is made of a fuzzy coat of sticky sugars |
| pilus | a short, thick hair-like protein structure that allows a bacterium to attach to other bacteria and surfaces |
| endospore | a thick-walled protective spore that forms inside a bacterial cell and resists harsh conditions |
| heterotroph | an organism that obtains organic food molecules by eating other organisms or their byproducts and that cannot synthesize organic compounds from inorganic materials |
| autotroph | an organism that produces its own nutrients from inorganic substances or from the environment instead of consuming other organisms |
| phototroph | an organism that gets its energy from sunlight |
| chemotroph | an organism that gets its energy from chemicals taken from the environment |
| obligate anaerobe | an organism that needs the absence of oxygen in order to live |
| facultative anaerobe | an organism that can live with or without oxygen |
| obligate aerobe | organism that REQUIRES A CONSTANT SUPPLY OF OXYGEN in order to live |
| transformation | the transfer of genetic material in the form of DNA fragments from one cell to another or from one organism to another |
| conjugation | in algae and fungi, an exchange of genetic material that occurs between two temporarily joined cells; in prokaryotes, the process by which two organisms bind together and one cell transfers DNA to the other cell through a structure called a sex pilus |
| transduction | The transfer of a bacterial gene from one bacterium to another through a bacteriophage |
| pathology | the scientific study of disease |
| exotoxin | a potent, extracellular toxin secreted by some gram positive bacteria |
| endotoxin | a toxin that occurs in the outer membrane of gram negative bacteria and that is released when the bacterial cell breaks apart |
| antibiotic resistance | the ability of a population of bacteria to survive the lethal effects of an antibiotic |
| zoonosis | a disease that can pass from animals to humans; an example is Lyme disease, which can be passed from deer to humans through infected ticks. |
| bioremediation | the biological treatment of hazardous waste by natural or genetically engineered microorganisms |
| Protist | single-celled or simple multicellular eukaryotic organisms that generally do not fit in any other kingdom |
| binary fission | a form of asexual reproduction in single-celled organisms by which one cell divides into two cells of the same size |
| multiple fission | ..., a form of cell division that produces more than two offspring |
| conjugation | ..., form of sexual reproduction in which paramecia and some prokaryotes exchange genetic information |
| Algal bloom | ..., an immediate increase in the amount of algae and other producers that results from a large input of a limiting nutrient |
| Chemotaxis | ..., in prokaryotes and protists, the movement toward or away from a chemical stimulus, such as the movement toward food or away from a toxin |
| Alginate | ..., a polysaccharide derivative of alginic acid that is found in brown algae and that has many industrial uses including thickening agent in foods and a dental impression agent |
| Carrageenan | ..., a sticky polysaccharide that coats the cell walls of certain species of red algae and that is used in the food industry to control the texture of many food products |
| Agar | ..., a gel-like polysaccharide compound used for culturing microbes; extracted from certain red algae |
| Diatomaceous earth | ..., a soft, fine, porous deposit that is composed mainly of the skeletons of diatoms |
| Malaria | ..., an infective disease caused by sporozoan parasites that are transmitted through the bite of an infected Anopheles mosquito |
| Phytoplankton | ..., Microscopic, free-floating, autotrophic organisms that function as producers in aquatic ecosystems |
| Gametangium | ..., a cell or an organ that produces gametes |
| Alga | ..., autotrophic protists that have chloroplasts and produce their own carbohydrates by photosynthesis |
| Trichomoniasis | ..., STD caused by a single-celled protozoan |
| Cryptosporidiosis | ..., a diarrheal disease caused by the protist Cyrptosporidium parvum, which is spread by contact with fecally contaminated water |
| Giardiasis | ..., an illness characterized by severe diarrhea and intestinal cramps caused by a protozoan parasite |
| Gametocyte | ..., an immature animal or plant cell that develops into a gamete by meiosis |
| Merozoite | the infective stage of the plasmodial life cycle, infects red blood cells of the host organism |
| Sporozoite | ..., One of three states of Plamodium that lives in mosquitoes and is injected into humans |
| Thallus | ..., The body of a plant-like organism that is not divided into leaves, roots, or stems |
| Flagellum | ..., a long, hairlike structure that grows out of a cell and enables the cell to move |
| Micronucleus | ..., the smaller of a ciliate's two nuclei; contains a "reserve copy" of all of the cell's genes |
| Macronucleus | ..., the larger of a ciliate's two nuclei, contains multiple copies of most of the genes that the cell needs in its day-to-day existence |
| Contractile vacuole | ..., saclike organelles that expand to collect excess water and contract to squeeze the water out of the cell |
| Anal pore | ..., region of the cell membrane of a ciliate where waste-containing food vacuoles fuse and are then emptied into the environment |
| Gullet | ..., indentation in one side of a ciliate that allows food to enter the cell |
| Mouth pore | ..., in protozoa, an opening into which the oral groove opens |
| Oral groove | ..., a depressed region around the mouth of some cilliate protozoans, such as paramecia |
| Pellicle | ..., a protective envelope of nonliving material that covers many protozoans |
| Accessory pigment | ..., compound other than chlorophyll that absorbs light at different wavelengths than chlorophyll |
| Cilium | ..., hairlike projections that help some cells move |
| Test | ..., In some protists and invertebrates, a protective covering that the organism secretes or builds around itself |
| Amoeboid movement | ..., movement where internal flowing of cytoplasm aids in movement. occurs in amoeba |
| Pseudopodium | ..., Temporary extension of a cell's cytoplasm and plasma membrane; used by certain protozoans in movement and feeding |
| Cellular slime mold | ..., A type of protist that has unicellular amoeboid cells and multicellular reproductive bodies in its life cycle. |
| Plasmodial slime mold | ..., Funguslike protist consisting of a multinucleate amoeboid mass, or plasmodium that moves about slowly and phagocytizes dead mater. |
| Diatom | ..., Any microscopic unicellular alga of the phylum Bacillariophyta, occurring in marine or fresh water singly or in colonies, each cell having a cell wall made of two halves and impregnated with silica. |
| Water mold | ..., a funguslike protist composed of branching filaments of cells |
| Fruiting body | ..., a part of a plant, fungus, or protist that produces seeds or spores |
| Euglenoid | ..., marine and freshwater green or colorless flagellate organism |
| Red tide | ..., a population explosion of certain marine dinoflagellates that causes the water to turn a red or red-brown color and to contain poisonous alkaloids produced by the dinoflagellates |
| Bioluminescence | ..., the production of light by means of a chemical reaction in an organism |
| Shell | ..., the cell wall of a diatom |
| cuticle | a waxy or fatty and watertight layer on the external wall of epidermal cells |
| spore | a reproductive cell or multicellular structure that is resistant to environmental conditions and that can develop into an adult without fusion with another cell |
| seed | a plant embryo that is enclosed in a protective coat |
| vascular tissue | the specialized conducting tissue that is found in higher plants and that is made up mostly of xylem and phloem |
| xylem | the type of tissue in vascular plants that provides support and conducts water and nutrients from the roots |
| phloem | in vascular plants, the tissue that carries organic and inorganic nutrients in any direction, depending on the plant's needs |
| nonvascular tissue | the three groups of plants( liverworts, hornworts, and mosses) that lacks specialized conducting tissues and true roots, stems, and leaves |
| vascular plant | a plant that has true roots, stems, and leaves and a vascular system composed of xylem and phloem which are specialized tissues that conduct materials from one part of the plant to another |
| seed plant | a plant that produces seeds |
| gymnosperm | a woody, vascular seed plant whose seeds are not enclosed by an ovary or fruit |
| angiosperm | a flowering plant that produces seeds within a fruit |
| sporophyte | in plants and algae that have alternation of generations, the diploid individual or generation that produces haploid spores |
| gametophyte | in alternation of generations, the phase in which gametes are formed; a haploid individual that produces gametes |
| alternation of generations | the alternation of sexual and asexual reproduction in certain plants and animals |
| bryophyte | a plant that has no vascular tissue and absorbs nutrients and water from the soil through rootlike hairs; examples include mosses and liverworts |
| liverwort | a member of the phylum Hepatophyta, a unique group of bryophytes that grow close to the ground in moist, shady areas and that are characterized by unique structures on the gametophytes |
| hornwort | a member of the phylum Anthocerophyta, a unique group of bryophytes that grow close to the ground in moist shady areas and that are characterized by long, thin, photosynthetic sporophytes |
| strobilus | a conelike structure of sporangia-bearing leaves |
| rhizome | a horizontal, underground stem that provides a mechanism for asexual reproduction |
| fiddlehead | tightly coiled new leaves of ferns |
| frond | the leaf of a fern or palm |
| germinate | to begin to grow from an embryo into a mature form |
| seedling | a young plant grown from a seed |
| cone | in plants, a seed-bearing structure |
| deciduous tree | a tree that sheds and regrows its leaves in response to seasonal changes |
| ovary | in plants, the bottom portion of the pistil of a that enlarges into one ore more ovules each containing one egg. |
| cotyledon | the embryonic leaf of a seed |
| monocot | a plant that produces seeds that have only one cotyledon |
| dicot | an angiosperm that has two cotyledons, net venation, and flower parts in groups of four or five |
| vein | in plants, a bundle of vascular tissue that transports fluids and nutrients |
| parallel venation | a parallel arrangement of veins; typical of the leaves of monocots |
| net venation | a nonparallel, branching network of veins that is typical of the leaves of dicots |
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