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volcano weak spot in the crust where magma comes to the surface magma molten mixture of rock-forming substances, gases, and water from the mantle lava magma that reaches the surface Ring of Fire major belt of volcanoes that rim the Pacific Ocean island arc a string of islands caused by volcanoes hot spot area where material from deep within the mantle rises then melts viscosity the resistance of a liquid to flowing silica a compound made up of particles of the elements oxygen and silicon pahoehoe fast-moving, hot lava aa cooler, slower moving lava magma chamber a pocket of magma underneath the Earth's surface pipe long tube in the ground that connects the magma chamber to the surface vent an opening in a volcano where the molten rock and gas escape lava flow the area covered by lava as it pours out of a vent crater a bowl-shaped area that may form at the top of a volcano around a central vent pyroclastic flow an explosive eruption hurls out a mixture of hot gases, ash, cinders, and bombs quiet eruption low silica magma erupts from a volcano explosive eruption high silica magma clogs the pipe and causes this kind of eruption dormant volcano a volcano expected to awaken in the future and become active extinct volcano a volcano unlikely to ever erupt again shield volcano wide, gently sloping volcano that usually has quiet eruptions cinder cone volcano steep, cone shaped volcano that usually has explosive eruptions composite volcano tall, cone-shaped volcano in which layers of lava alternate with layers of ash lava plateau made of many layers of thin, runny lava that erupts from long cracks in the ground caldera huge hole left by the collapse of a volcanic mountain volcanic neck forms when magma hardens in a volcanoes pipe dike forms when magma forces itself across rock layers and hardens sill forms when magma squeezes between horizontal layers of rock and hardens batholith a mass of rock formed when a large magma chamber cools inside the crust dome mountain forms when an uplift pushes a batholith up above the surface geothermal activity occurs when magma heats underground water hot springs formed when magma heats groundwater and the water rises and collects in a natural pool. geyser a fountain of water and steam that erupts from the ground geothermal energy energy produced by water heated underground