med-surg
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48 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 homeostatsis | the bodies attempt to keep a balance in all body sysstem |
| homeostatic mechanisms | used to prevent dangerous changes |
| important area for homeostasis | maintaining the body's normal fluid volume and composition |
| water | most common substance in the body |
| extracellular fluid | the fluid outside the cell |
| intracellular fluid | the fluid inside the cells |
| interstitial fluid | fluid between cells; sometimes called the "third space" |
| transcellular fluids | fluids in special body spaces; cerebrospinal, synovial, peritoneal, and pleural fluid |
| solvent | water portion of fluids |
| solute | the particles dissolved or suspended in the water |
| three processes important to control normal fluid and electrolyte balance | filtration, diffusion, osmosis |
| filtration | the movement of fluid through a cell or blood vessel membrane because of hydrostatic pressure differences on both sides of the membrane |
| filtration occurs because | the differences in water volume pressing against the confining walls of the space |
| water molecules in a confined space constantly press | outward against the confining walls |
| hydrostatic pressure | known as "water-pushing" pressure; a force that pushes water outward from a confined space through a membrane |
| the hydrostatic pressure of two fluid spaces can be compared when | a porous (permeable) membrane separates the two spaces |
| equilibrium | when hydrostatic pressure is equal (no difference between the two spaces |
| disequilibrium | when the two spaces are not equal |
| gradient | in disequilibrium when the two spaces have a graded difference |
| pores | large spaces in the capillary membrane that help water filter freely when a hydrostatic pressure gradient is present |
| capillaries are | one cell layer thick |
| edema | develops with changes in normal hydrostatic pressure differences |
| diffusion | the free movement of particles (solutes) across a permeable membrane from an area of higher to an area of lower concentration |
| the degree of difference is the | steepness of gradient |
| a membrane that is not open | impermeable |
| has ten times more sodium ions than fluid inside the cell | extracellular fluid |
| diffusion across a cell membrane that requires the assistance | facilitate diffusion or facilitated transport |
| osmosis | movement of water only through a selectively permeable (semipermeable) membrane |
| for osmosis to occur | a membrane must separate two fluid spaces and one space must have particles that cannot move through the membrane |
| dilute | less concentrate fluid that has fewer particles and more water molecules than the more concentrated fluid |
| particle concentration in body fluids is expressed in | millimoles per liter, miliequivalents per liter, and millismoles per liter |
| osmolarity | the number of milliosmoles in a liter of solution |
| osmolatity | the number of milliosmoles in a kilogram of solution |
| normal osmolarity value for plasma and other body fluids range from | 270 to 300 mOsm/L |
| isosmotic | when all body fluids have this normal osmolarity value |
| hyperosmotic or hypertonic | fluids with osmolarities greater than 300 mOsm/L |
| hypo-osmotic or hypotonic | fluids with osmolarities of less than 270 mOsm/L |
| solubility | how well a particle type dissolves in water |
| drinking replaces | the amount of water lost through sweating and restores the ECF osmolarity to normal |
| lymph | fluid is similar to blood plasma but contains far less protein |
| obligatory urine output | 400 to 600 mL (the minimum amount of urine per day needed to excrete toxic waste |
| and adult drinks an average of | 1500 mL of fluid per day and ingests an additional 800 mL from food |
| insensible water loss | water loss from the skin, lungs and stool |
| for every degree increase in body temperature | insensible water loss increases by 10% |
| aldosterone | a hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex whenever sodium level in the ECF is decreased |
| antidiuretic hormone (ADH) | aka vasopressin, is produced in the brain and stored in the posterior pituitary gland |
| dehydration | fluid intake is less than what is needed to meet the body's fluid needs |
| most common type of fluid volume deficit | isotonic dehydration |
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