Ch. 14
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Created by:
ieatpaintchips72 on December 4, 2008
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51 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 developmental psychology | the branch of psychology that studies the social and mental development of children, a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span |
| socialization | the process of learning to participate in a group |
| maturation | The sequential developments and changes in human behavior that occur with age. |
| germinal,embryonic, fetal stages | prenatal stages of human development |
| zygote | single cell/ fertlized egg |
| fetus | stage in prenatal development that occurs four to eight weeks after fertilization (testosterone is secreted causing the fetus to develop into an anatomical male.) |
| fetal alcohol syndrome | a medical condition in which body deformation or facial development or mental ability of a fetus is impaired because the mother drank alcohol while pregnant |
| motor reflexes | automatic behaviors that are necessary for survival. |
| contact comfort | in primates, the innate pleasure derived from the close physical contact; it is the basis of the infants first attachment |
| separation anxiety | feelings of distress that children, especially infants and toddlers, experience when they're separated, or expect to be separated, from individuals to whom they are emotionally attached. |
| Strange Situation | an observational measure of infant attachment that requires the infant to move through a series of introducions, separations, and reunions with the caregiver aand an adult stranger ina prescribed order |
| Ainsworth | tried to describe kinds of attachment, developed the theory of attachment based in the quality using the strange situation |
| secure attachment | attachment pattern characterizing infants who are distressed by parental seperation but are easily comforted by the parent when they return |
| avoidant attachment | Strange Situation test: no attachment to mother, not frightened when stranger present |
| anxious ambivalent attachment | Strange situation test: The child protests when the caregiver leaves but refuses to be comfortated by them when they return. |
| "parentese" | baby talk |
| telegraphic speech | early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram--'go car'--using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting 'auxiliary' words |
| Jean Piaget | Swiss psychologist remembered for his studies of cognitive development in children (1896-1980) |
| assimilation | the process of assimilating new ideas into an existing cognitive structure |
| accommodation | in the theories of Jean Piaget: the modification of internal representations in order to accommodate a changing knowledge of reality |
| sensorimotor stage | in piaget's theory, the stage durning which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities |
| object permanence | The awareness that things continue to exist even when you cannot see or hear them |
| preoperational stage | In Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic. |
| mental operations | the ability to think in a variety of ways -- we are limited in terms of our ability to carry out certain operations (Ex: if you can think symbolically, you can take someone's perspective) |
| egocentric thinking | seeing the world from only your own point of view; the inability to take another person's perspective |
| conservation | (physics) the maintenance of a certain quantities unchanged during chemical reactions or physical transformations |
| concrete operations stage | piaget's third stage of cognitive development, in which adultlike logic appears but is limited to concrete reality |
| formal operations stage | piaget's fourth and final stage of cognitive development, in which logical reasoning processes are applied to abstract ideas as well as to concrete objects |
| Lev Vygotsky | emphasizes how culture and social interaction guide cognitive development, Developed the idea of the "Zone of Proximal Development," mainly focused on cognitive development of children. |
| private speech | children's self-directed speech that they use to guide their behavior and talk themselves through new tasks -- this gradually turns to inner speech |
| theory of mind | people's ideas about their own and others' mental states -- about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts and the behavior these might predict |
| power assertion | a method of child rearing in which the parent uses punishment and authority to correct the child's misbehavior. |
| induction | reasoning from detailed facts to general principles |
| authoritarian versus authoriative parental styles | uses power to influence versus using reasoning to explain a decision |
| self-regulation | the ability to control and modify their impulses, thoughts, and feelings |
| gender identity | your identity as it is experienced with regard to your individuality as male or female |
| gender typing | any association of objects, activities, or traits with one sex or the other in ways that conform to cultural stereotypes |
| intersex conditions | conditions, occuring in about one of every 2,000 births, in which chromosomal or hormonal anomalies cause a child to be born with ambiguous genitals, or genitals that conflict wiht the infant's chromosomes. |
| transgender | a term for describing a broad category of people who do not fit comftorbly into usual categories of male, or female. |
| gender schema | a cognitive schema (mental network) of knowledge, beliefs, metaphors, and expectations about what it means to be male or female |
| puberty | the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing |
| menarche | the first occurrence of menstruation in a woman |
| secondary sex characteristics | Characteristics - such as body hair, muscle development, broadened pelvis, or voice depth - controlled by the male and female hormones, but not essential to the reproductive process. |
| Erik Erikson | Created an eight-stage theory of social development, a crisis that needs resolution. |
| identity crisis | Eriksons term for the psychological state of emotional turmoil that arises when an adolescents sense of self becomes "unglued" so that a new, more mature sense of self can be acheived |
| social clock | the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement |
| emerging adulthood | period of psychosocial development roughly spanning ages 18 to 25 during which the person makes the transition from adolescent to adulthood |
| menopause | the time in a woman's life in which the menstrual cycle ends |
| gerontology | the branch of medical science that deals with diseases and problems specific to old people |
| fluid intelligence | one's ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood |
| crystallized intelligence | one's accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age |
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