World Civ Final
Order by
237 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 conscription | term for when a government drafts soldiers |
| mobilization | term that describes when troops and equipment are moved into place to prepare for a military attack |
| World War I | Franz Ferdinand was killed by a Serbian nationalist, sparking what war? |
| Austria-Hungary | Franz Ferdinand was the archduke of what country? |
| Russia | Which country backed up Serbia in 1914 because they were also Slavic? |
| Germany | Which country backed up Austria in 1914 with a "blank check" |
| Italy, Germany, Austria-Hungary | The three members of the Triple Alliance |
| Britain, France, Russia | The three members of the Triple Entente |
| Italy | What country was part of the Triple Alliance but not part of the Central Powers? |
| Schlieffen Plan | The German military plan: defeat France first, then attack Russia |
| Marne | Military battle in France in 1914 where the Germans are stopped |
| Lusitania | British ship that was by Germans, killing many Americans aboard and angering Americans |
| France | Country in which the Western Front was located |
| Nicholas II | Tsar of Russia until his government collapsed in 1917 |
| soviets | "Workers councils" that became radical and challenged the provisional government in 1917 |
| V. I. Lenin | Leader of the Bolsheviks |
| Leon Trotsky | Leader of the Red Army in the Russian Civil War |
| whites | Opponents of the Red Army in the Russian Civil War were called this color |
| Soviet Union (USSR) | New name for Russia after the communists (Bolsheviks) seize power |
| KGB or Cheka | Secret police created by the communists to arrest opponents during the Russian Civil War |
| attrition | A long-drawn out war in which each side is trying to outlast the other side is a "War of _________" |
| Alsace and Lorraine | Territories that France gained back from Germany in the Treaty of Versailles |
| armistice | Word that means an end to fighting |
| War Guilt Cause | Provision in the Treaty of Versailles that blamed Germany for the war |
| League of Nations | Organization created after WWI in which all countries would be represented and which was an attempt to stop future wars |
| Georges Clemenceau | The leader of France at the Treaty of Versailles negotiations |
| Germany | The main objective of Georges Clemenceau in 1919 was to weaken what country? |
| reparation | the word for "war damages" |
| Germany | What country had to pay war damages, reparations, after WWI? |
| Ottoman, Austria Hungary, Russia, and Germany | Identify the four imperial governments that collapse during WWI and lose much territory as a result of their defeats? |
| Lativia, Estonia, Poland, Czech, Austria, Hungary, Turkey | Identify countries that were created by the Treaty of Versailles |
| NEP | Lenin's economic policy that allowed some free enterprise, including peasants able to sell their grain on the open market |
| Stalin | Eventual leader of the Soviet Union after Lenin, until 1953 |
| Leon Trotsky | The chief rival to Stalin, he was eventually exiled from the Soviet Union and assassinated |
| inflation | Term for when prices rapidly rise |
| Five Year Plans | Plans instituted in the late 1920s and 1930s in which the Soviet government set production goals for the economy |
| collectivization | Policy in which farming was re-organized and all peasants were forced to work together on large units |
| Communism | type of government in the Soviet Union in which there is no private land ownership |
| purges | Term for the removal - by killing or arresting - of one's political opponents |
| Sun Yat-sen | Founder of the Guomindang (Nationalist Party) in China |
| Chiang Kai Shek | Leader of the Guomindang (Nationalist Party) in China during the 1930s and through WWII |
| Mao Zedong | Leader of the Chinese Communist Party |
| Mussolini | Fascist leader of Italy in 1920s through WWII |
| Goebbels | Nazi propaganda minister |
| Himmler | Nazi who led the SS and oversaw population removal policies |
| Gestapo | Hitler's secret police was called this |
| Rape of Nanjing | The Japanese attack on civilians and excution of prisoners-of-war in what had been the capital of the Republic of China was called this |
| Austria | The Anschluss was the union of Germany with this German-populated country |
| appeasement | Policy of Britain and France before WWII to negotiate with Hitler and give the Germans much of what they wanted in an attempt to avoid war |
| Czechoslovakia | The Sudetenland - largely populated by Germans - was part of this country. Britain and France allowed Hitler to take it in 1939 because of their appeasement policy |
| Poland | The Nazi-Soviet non-aggression pact secretly called for the division of this country between the two powers |
| Soviet Union | Operation Barbarossa was codename for Hitler's plan to invade this country |
| Pearl Harbor | The Japanese attack on this military site got the US involved in WWII |
| Stalingrad | Key battle site in the Soviet Union where the Germans were stopped - the bloodiest military battle in history |
| Normandy | The Allied invasion of France ("D-Day") occurred on here |
| Hiroshima | The Manhattan Project developed the atomic bomb that was first dropped on what Japanese city? |
| Great Depression | One reason Hitler came into power was the high German unemployment rate as a result of what economic crisis? |
| The Holocaust | The killing of millions of Jews by the Nazis was called this |
| airplanes | More civilians died in WWII than soldiers. What technology allowed for the wide scale destruction of cities? |
| Manchukuo | When the Japanese moved into China in 1931, they seized Manchuria and created this colony |
| Treaty of Versailles | Hitler broke what treaty when he rebuilt the German army and air force? |
| containment | The term for US policy to stop the spread of communism |
| Truman Doctrine | The US policy to aid countries that are threatened by communist uprisings, named after the president that began it |
| Marshall Plan | The US policy to help the economic rebuilding of Europe by providing financial aid |
| Satelite states | The term for the communist states in Eastern Europe that were controlled by the Soviet Union |
| Airlift | The response of the United States to the blockade of West Berlin was the Berlin _______ |
| nuclear weapons | the arms race between the US and USSR (Soviet Union) saw the construction of large numbers of these weapons |
| deterrence | Term that describes when a country stops another side from attacking by making the consequences of an attack so high |
| NATO | The military alliance between the US and its allies in Europe was called this |
| Warsaw Pact | The military alliance between the Soviet Union and the communist states of Eastern Europe was called this |
| Sputnik I | First human satellite in space was called this |
| Soviet Union | What country launched the first satelitte and first human into space? |
| Cuban Missle Crisis | When the Soviet Union delivered nuclear missiles to Cuba, and the US set up a "quarantine" zone around Cuba as a result, it set off this event |
| domino theory | The US intervened in Vietnam partly because it thought if Vietnam fell to communism all countries in SE Asia would also fall. What is the name of this idea? |
| Nikita Khruschev | The leader of the Soviet Union after Stalin |
| Hungary and Czechoslavakia | The two Eastern European communist countries that experienced anti-Soviet uprisings in the 1950s and 1960s, both brutally suppressed by the Soviet army |
| Mao Zedong | Leader of the Communist Party in China when it gains power after WWII until the 1970s |
| Great Leap Forward | The communist policy in China in which dramatic agricultural reforms were implemented - the result was famine and millions of deathes |
| Cultural Revolution | The communist cultural policy of creating a "revolutionary" culture... "western" ideas and western-leaning individuals were removed |
| Konrad Adenauer | Leader of West Germany after WWII; oversees the "economic miracle" in his country |
| welfare state | Term for a state in which the government provides citizens with health care, unemployment insurance, retirement money and other services |
| consumer society | Term for a society in which people buy a lot of stuff |
| Simone De Beauvoir | Feminist; author of The Second Sex |
| Solidarity | Polish anti-communism reform movement in the 1980s was called this |
| Poland, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Germany | Name four countries in which revolutions against communism occurred in 1989 |
| Mikhail Gorbachev | Leader of the Soviet Union from 1985 until its collapse in 1991 |
| perestroika | Economic reform that sought to "restructure" the Soviet economy in the late 1980s |
| Suez Canal | British-built canal believed to be England's "lifeline to India" |
| Leopold II, Congo | driving force behind the colonization of Central Africa. Hired Stanley to set up belgian settlements in congo |
| inderect rule | local rulers were allowed to keep their authority and status in a new colonial setting |
| direct rule | the local elites were replaced by western officials |
| sepoys & sepoy revolt | indian soldiers hired by the british to protect the companys interests in the region. when using sacred animals to grease ammunition, the sepoys refused to load their guns and started a revolt |
| viceroy | a governor who ruled as a representative of a monarch |
| indian national congress | independence movement that also seeked for a share in the governing process |
| commodore george dewey | defeated the spanish fleet in manila bay and helped take over the phillippines |
| emilio aguinaldo | leader of a movement for independence in the phillippines |
| opium war | broke out due to the banning of a well liked drug, the british won againest the chinese and were given hong kong.europeans were also granted extrterritoriality by abbiding to their own laws |
| tai ping rebellion | peasant revolt led by xiuquan |
| guang xu | emperor famous for his massive reform program |
| John hay, open door policy | u.s. secretary who wrote a letter to all imperial countries asking each country to respect equal trading oppertunities china. policy he created reduced restrictions on foreign imports and imperialist hysteria |
| boxer rebellion | uprising in beijing caused by the boxers or members of the society of harmonious fists |
| Sun Yat-sen | formed the revive china society and developed a three step reformation process (military takeover, democratic rule, establishment of a constitutional democracy) |
| militarism | aggressive preparation for war |
| Sarajevo | city in Bosnia where Archduke Ferdinand and his wife were murdered |
| trench warfare | fighting from ditches protected by barbed wire, as in World War I |
| "Central Powers" | Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Ottoman Empire |
| "Allies" | United Kingdom, France, Russian Empire, Italy, Greece, Portugal, Serbia, Romania, United States |
| war of attrition | war based on wearing the other side down by constant attacks and heavy losses |
| unrestricted submarine warfare | what Germans used to enforce its blockade |
| Planned economies | systems directed by government agencies |
| women | Because so many men left to fight at the front, these people were asked to take over jobs that had not been available to them before |
| propaganda | ideas spread to influence public opinion for or against a cause |
| Rasputin | a man who began to influence the czar's wife, Alexandra, and he often interfered in government affairs |
| Petrograd | formerly St. Petersburg, working class women led a series of strikes here |
| Provisional Government | decided to carry on the war to preserve Russia's honor |
| Kerensky | headed the provisional government |
| October Revolution (in November) | The Bolsheviks overthrew the remaining powers |
| Treaty of Brest-Litovsk | Lenin signed this with Germany and gave up eastern Poland, Ukraine, Finland, and the Baltic provinces |
| war communism | a policy that was used to ensure regular supplies for the Red Army |
| Second Battle of the Marne | French, Morrocan, and American troops supported by hundreds of tanks, threw the Germans back over the Marne |
| Woodrow Wilson | president of the United States |
| "Fourteen Points" | the basis for a peace settlement that Woodrow Wilson believed justified the enormous military struggle being waged |
| David Lloyd George | prime minister of Great Britain, wanted to make the Germans pay for this dreadful war |
| Great Depression: causes | A series of downturns in the economies of individual nations in the second half of the 1920s. An international financial crisis involving the U.S. stock market. |
| Great Depression: effects | Increased government activity in the economy. A renewed interest in Marxist ideas. Led masses of people to follow political leaders who offered simple solutions in return for dictatorial power. |
| CCP | In 1921, a group of young radicals, including several faculty and staff members from Beijing University, founded the Chinese Communist Party (___) in the commercial and industrial city of Shanghai. |
| People's Liberation Army (PLA) | Mao's army, the ______________________________, broke through the Nationalist lines and began its famous Long March. |
| Adolf Hitler | his ideas were racist, especially anti-semitist (hostile towards Jews). He was an extreme nationalist who understood how political parties could effectively use propaganda and terror. |
| The Evacuation of Dunkirk | Through the heroic efforts of the Royal Navy and civilians in private boats, 338,000 Allied troops were a evacuated from beaches the Germans had trapped them on. |
| El Alamein | In North Africa, British forces had stopped Rommel's troops at __________ in the summer of 1942. |
| West Germany & East Germany | In September 1949, the Federal Republic of Germany was formally created. Its capital was Bonn. Less than a month later, the German Democratic Republic was set up by the Soviets. East Berlin became its capital. |
| Berlin Wall | The Eastern German government built this to seperate West Berlin from East Berlin. It became a massive, barrier guarded by barbed wire, floodlights, machine-gun towers, minefields, and vicious dog patrols. It was a striking symbol of the division between the two superpowers. |
| Heavy Industry | the manufacture of machines and equipment for factories and mines for military benefit. The hydrogen bomb in 1953 and the launch of Sputnik in 1957 were good examples of this. |
| De-Stalinization | the process of eliminating the more ruthless policies of Stalin. |
| Yugoslavia | An exception to Soviet dominance in Eastern Europe, this country was an independent Communist state whose leader, Tito, refused to give into Soviet demands. |
| Little Red Book | A collection of Mao's thoughts acted as a sort of Bible for the Chinese Communists. It was hailed as the most important source of knowledge in all areas. The book was in every hotel, school, factory, commune, and university. |
| Red Guards | To further the Cultural Revolution, revolutionary groups composed of young people were formed. They set across the nation to eliminate the "Four Olds" - old ideas, culture, customs, and habits. They destroyed temples, foriegn books, and foriegn music. The even tore down street signs. |
| DeGaulle | dominated the history of France for nearly a quarter of a century, he was a war hero and he helped establish a new government. The new government was the Fourth Republic, which was largely ineffective. |
| European Economic Community | created by the Rome Treaty (signed by France, West Germany, the Benelux countries, and Italy) and was a free-trade area made up of the six member nations. By the 1960s, the EEC had become an important trading bloc (a group of nations with a common purpose). In 1973 Britain, Denmark and Ireland joined; the EEC was the world's largest exporter and purchaser of raw materials. |
| Leonid Brezhnev | replaced Nikita Khrushchev, he was determined to keep Esatern Europe in Communist hands. He insisted on the Brezhnev Doctrine, benefited from detente, and punished dissidents. |
| Brezhnev Doctrine | the Soviet Union's right to intervene if communism was threatened in another Communist state. |
| Detente | a relaxtion of tensions and improved relations between the two superpowers. The Soviets felt more secure and as a result, its leaders relaxed their authoritarian rule. |
| Dissidents | those who spoke out against the regime. |
| Soviets in Afghanistan | the detente collapsed in 1979 when the USSR invaded this middle eastern country. The Soviets wanted to restore a pro-Soviet regime but the United States saw this as an act of expansion. This led to the U.S.'s canceling of participation in the 1980 Olympic Games, an embargo on the shipment of U.S. grain to the USSR, a new arms race, and U.S. aid to Afghan rebels. |
| Glasnost | Policy of openness initiated by Gorbachev in the 1980s that provided increased opportunities for freedom of speech, association and the press in the Soviet Union. Also allowed the free discussion of social and politcal problems. |
| "New Thinking" (ends Brezhnev Doctrine) | Gorbachev made an aggreement with the U.S., the Intermediate-Range INF Treaty, to eliminate intermediate-range nuclear weapons. The Soviet Union and the United States reduced military budgets to solve domestic problems. Gorbachev stopped giving Soviet military support to Communist governments; Cold War ends |
| Collapse of Soviet Union | As Gorbachev released the iron grip of the Communist Party, old ethnic tensions and Nationalist movements began. Soviet Republics now moved for complete independnce. In 1991, the leaders of Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus announced that the Union had "ceased to exist". |
| Boris Yeltsin | Gorbachev turned over his responsibilities as commander in chief to the new president of Russia. He was committed to introducing a free market economy as quickly as possible. He faced economic hardships, social disarray, and the Chechens (from Chechnya, a province in the south that wanted independence from Russia). |
| "White Man's Burden" | Spreading European culture to unciivilIzed people |
| protectorate | A political unit that depends on another government for its protection |
| colonial economies | when the colonies "parent" countries control the economy of the colony, usually to take advantage of raw materials. |
| "Scramble for Africa" | During the late nineteenth century, the major European powers scrambled to colonize Africa. Virtually all of Africa was under European rule by 1900. Maintaining that rule was not easy, however. African nationalism emerged during the early part of the twentieth century |
| Berlin Conference | At talks in Berlin hosted by German chancellor Otto von Bismarck, delegates sought an orderly "carving up" of the African interior. European powers haggled back and forth over geographic boundries for thei African colonies, but avoided direct conflict |
| East India Company | The British government gave a trading company power to become actively involved in India's political and military affairs. To rule India, this company had its own soldiers and forts; it also hired sepoys. |
| French Indochina | France made the Vietnamese empire a French protectorate. In the 80s it extended its control over neighboring Cambodia, Annam, Tonkin, and Laos. By 1887, France included all of its new possessions in a new Union of ________________ |
| Revolution of 1911 | With the death of Empress Dowager Ci Xi, Henry Pu Yi (an infant) became the "last emperor". Followers of Sun Yat-sen launched a revolt. Too weak to form a new government they turned to General Yaun Shigai, who controlled the army. He would serve as president of the new Chinese republic |
| Guomindang | Sun Yat-sen's renamed Nationalist party |
| Caudillos | Most of the new nations of Latin America began with republican governments but they had no experience in self-rule. Soon after their independence, these strong leaders gained power |
| cash crops | crops that are grown for sale rather than for personal use |
| Inequality | Latin America was dominated by the landed elites. Land remained the basis of wealth, social prestigge, and political power. Elites ran governments, controlled courts, and kept a system of inexpensive labor. These land owners made enormous profits by growing cash crops. Most of the population had no land to grow basic food crops. As a result, the masses ecperienced dire poverty |
| Spanish-American War | As a result of this war in 1898, Cuba became a protectorate of the United States. That same year Puerto Rico was also annexed to the United States. |
| Panama Canal | The United States built this between Panama and Colombia. When it opened in 1914, it was one of the greatest engineering feats in the world at that time |
| Industrialization | caused a shift from an economy based on farming and handicrafts to an economy based on maunfacturing by machines in factories |
| Empires that collapsed in WWI | Ottoman, Russia, Germany, Austria-Hungary |
| "self-determination" | the ability of a government to determine their own course of their own free will |
| mandates | Countries governed by foreign countries because the country is not ready for self-rule. Mandates set up after ww1 of german territories and continued after ww2 to countries like syria and palestine. |
| Causes of WWII: in Europe | Hitler's theory of racial domination, Hitler violates the Treaty of Versailles, Germany gains Italy as an ally, Hitler annexed Austria to Germany, Hitler's demands were not stopped through other European countries' appeasements, Soviet involvment |
| Causes of WWII: in Asia | The need for natural resources in Japan, Japan's war with China, the New Order in East Asia, the Japanese attack on the U.S. (Pearl Harbor) |
| German rearmament | In 1935, Hitler announced the creation of a new air force. He also began a military draft that would expand Germany's army from 100,000 to 550,000 troops. Those were direct violations of the Treaty of Versailles. In 1936, he sent troops into the Rhineland, a demilitarized zone according to the Treaty |
| Vichy France | The French signed an armistice on June 22, 1940. German armies now occupied three-fifths of France. An authoritarian regime under German control was set up over the remainder of the country. It was known as ____________ and was led by an aged French hero of World War I, Marshal Henri Petain. |
| unconditional surrender | surrender under no conditions, this is what the allies demanded of germany to end ww2. |
| Vladimir Putin | when Yeltsin resigned, he was replaced by ______________, who was elected president in 2000. In July 2001, he launched reforms to boost growth and budget revenues |
| "free and fair elections" | The right to elect leaders into office was granted to Russia when the Soviet Union fell |
| European Union (EU) & Euro | The European Community (EC) or the EEC was chiefly an economic union. It comprised 344 million people and was the world's largest single trading bloc. In 1994, the EC turned into the ___________________. One of its first major goals was to establish a common currency, the ____ |
| German reunification | The East opened its border with the West. People on both sides of the Berlin Wall began tearing it down and eventually the government ordered the rest of the wall to be torn down. West and East became one on October 3, 1990 |
| Margaret Thatcher | Britain's first female prime minister |
| "gender stereotyping" | Supporters of the women's movement forced politians to address the restriction of what a person could do just because of the persons gender |
| popular culture | Entertainment created for a profit and for a mass audience is known as |
| "cultural imperialism" | A Western nation controls other world cultures much as Western nations had controlled colonial governments |
| Islam | meaning "peace through submission to the will of Allah," this religion was the basis of many modern day Middle Eastern movements in countries such as Iran, Iraq, and Afghanistan |
| Zionists | wanted the land of ancient Israel to be a home for the Jewish people |
| Israel-Palestine, UN Proposal | In 1947, the United Nations proposed that the Palestine Mandates should be divided into a Jewish state and an Arab state. The Jews than proclaimed the state of Israel on May 14, 1948 |
| refugees | Its Arab neighbors saw the creation of Israel as a betrayal of the Palestinian people, a majority of whom were Muslim. After an attempted invasion failed, many ________ fled to neighboring Arab countries, where they lived in camps |
| Nasser | This Colonel took control of the Egyptian government in the early 1950s. He had seized the Suez Canal Company, which had been under British and French administration since the 1800s |
| Pan-Arabism | Gamal Abdel Nassar promoted this term for Arab unity |
| OPEC | In 1960s, several Arab oil-producing states had formed the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, to control the price of oil |
| Six-Day War | Israel launched airstrikes against Egypt and its Arab neighbors, aswell as occuping the Sinai Peninsula and seizing territory in the West Bank |
| Camp David Accords | President Carter met with President Sadat of Egypt and Israeli prime minister Menachem Begin in the United States. The result was an agreement to sign an Israeli-Eygptian peace treaty. This led to Isreali withdrawal from The Sinai Peninsula and ended the state of war |
| PLO | In 1964, Egyptians took the lead in forming the Palestine Liberation Organization to represent Palestinian interests |
| Hezbollah | a radical Islamic group that formed in Lebanon in 1982 |
| Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini | This member of the Muslim clergy lead the opposition to the shah. By 1979 the shah's government collapsed and an Islamic republic replaced it |
| Osama Bin Laden & al-Qaeda | This terrorist was backed by conservative religious forces in Pakistan, The Taliban provided a base of operations for him. In 1988 he founded "the Base" which recruited Muslims to drive Westerners out of nations with a largely Muslim population |
| Taliban | an anti-Communist Islamic group that fought for control of Afghanistan. They seized Kabul in 1996. By 1998, they controlled more than two-thirds of the country. |
| Sept. 11, 2001 terrorist attacks | Osama bin Laden's biggest mission. Suicidal terrorists hijacked planes and flew them into the World Trade Center in New York |
| US war in Afghanistan | After the attacks, a coalition of forces led by this country launched a war against the Taliban. By December 2001, the Islamic group collapsed and was replaced by a moderate government |
| Saddam Hussein, US war in Iraq | President George Bush began threatening the removal of this Iraqi leader. Bush claimed that the Iraqi leader had weapons of mass destruction and was close with al-Qaeda. In March 2003 the Bush sent troops to invade Iraq |
| Islamic fundamentalism | the movement of conservative religious forces having tried to replace foreign culture and values with Islamic forms of belief and behavior |
| Muslim Brotherhood | One of the rebel groups in the middle east. it could possibly get elected if free elections were given which is why america is currently holding back on giving free elections in that area of the middle east. its a radical islamist group. |
| Ghana & Kwame Nkrumah | In 1957 the Gold Coast, renamed _____ and under _____________, was the first British colony to gain independence |
| Apartheid, Nelson Mandela | A system of racial segregation in South Africa. Nobel Peace Prize winner Bishop Desmond Tutu worked to end this system with the help of South Africa's 1994-elected president. He became the first black president of South Africa |
| AIDS | Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome caused by the HIV virus. It serves as an epidemic for Africa |
| Ethnic conflict | Within many African nations, such as Nigeria, Zimbabwe, Rwanda, Burundi, Sudan, and Darfur, warring groups undermined the concept of nationhood. Fighting continues in present-day |
| Deng Xiaoping | A group of practical-minded reformers led by this leader, seized power and brought the Cultural Revolution to an end |
| Economic liberation | Deng Xiaoping called for Four Modernizations - new policies in industry, agriculture, technology, and national defense |
| Tiananmwn Square | Discontent led to massive demonstrations in Beijing. Deng Xiaoping believed the protesters were calling for an end to Commnuist rule. He ordered tanks and troops into the square to crush demonstrators, several were killed and many more were injured |
| Communist Party | This party wanted to create a new kind of citizen, one who would give the utmost for the good of all China |
| Jawaharial Nehru | worked closely with Gandhi for Indian independence, he led the Congress Party, formally the Indian National Congress |
| nonalignment | Nehru refused to align India with any bloc or alliance |
| Kashmir | Religious differences also fueled a long-term dispute between Inida and Pakistan over a territory between the two nations |
| Japanese constitution and government | On September 8,1951 the United States and other fformer WWII allies signed a peace treaty restoring Japanese independence. Japan also agreed that the United States could maintain military bases in Japan |
| "Japanese miracle" | The country's dramatic recovery from the war has been described as the |
| state capitalism | The government role in economy is widely accepted in Japan. Indeed it is often cited as a key reason for the efficiency of Japanese industry and the emergence of Japan as an industrial giant. Japan's economic system has been described as |
| "Asian tigers" | Sometimes called the "____________", South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, and Hong Kong have imitated Japan in creating successful industrial societies |
| South Korea | The Republic of Korea was under the dictatorial president Syngman Rhee |
| Taiwan | Defeated by the Communists, Chiang Kai-shek and his followers established their capital at Taipei on this island |
| Singapore | once a British colony and briefly a part of the state of Malaysia, is now an independent state |
| Hong Kong | Like Singapore, this Chinese region became an industrial powerhouse with standards of living well above the levels of its neighbors |
| Globalization | the process by which people and nations have become more interdependent |
| Internet & cellular technology | the world's largest computar network provides quick access to vast quantities of information. Cellular telephones enable people to communicate with one another practiccally everywhere in the world |
| Green Revolution | In agriculture, this refers to the development of rice, corn, and other grains that have greater yields |
| chemical fertilizers | The growing concern with chemical pesticides in food has led to a dramatic increase in the practice of organic farming. Organic farming rejects the use of |
| Human rights | The United Nations took the lead in affirming the basic ____________ of all people. On December 10, 1948, the UN's General Assembly adopted the Universal Declaration of ____________. |
| World Bank | is actually a group of five international organizations, largely controlled by developed countries. It provides grants, loans, and advice for economic development in developing contries. |
| International Monetary Fund (IMF) | founded in 1945, is now an "organization of 184 countries." Its goal is to oversee the global financial system |
| World Trade Organization | In 1995, the nations that had signed the GATT (General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs) treaties agreed to create the WTO. Made up of more than 140 member nations, the WTO arranges trade agreement and settles trade disputes |
| multinational corporation | a company that has divisions in more than two countries |
| Nongovernmental organizations | A movement that addresses world problems is the growth of NGOs. They often represented at the United Nations. They include professional, buisness, and cooperative organizations, aswell as foundations |
| Rachel Carson | an American scientist, argued that the buildup of pesticides - chemicals sprayed on crops to kill insects - was having unforeseen results. The death of animals and the potential harm for humans. |
| Ecology | the study of the relationship between living things and their environments |
| "greenhouse effect" | Global warming has the potential to create a global crisis. The warming of the Earth because of the buildup of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, contributes to the melting of the polar ice caps, rising sea levels, and devastating droughts and storms |
| Kyoto Protocol | A conference on global warming was held in Kyoto, Japan. To reduce emissions, more than 150 nations signed the |
| "sustainability" | Economic development that does not limit the ability of future generations to meet their basic needs is known as |
| poverty & world hunger | Developing nations, located in Africa, Asia, and Latin America, are primarily farming nations with little technology |
| Nuclear proliferation & IAEA | The UN established the International Atomic Energy Agency in 1957. This agency operates a safeguards system against the spread of nuclear weapons production technology and knowledge to nations without that capability |
| "graying population" | In wealthy regions such as Western Europe population is declining and a larger percentage of the population is reaching retirement |
| reasons for migrations | Persecution for political reasons caused many people from Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Eastern Europe, and East Germany to seek refuge in Western European countries. Brutal civil wars in Asia, Africa, the Middle East, and Europe led millions of refugees to seek safety in neighboring countries. A devastating famine in Africa in 1984 - 1985 caused hundreds of thousands of Africans to move to relief camps throughout the continent to find food |
| population growth | A serious problem in developing countries. The UN predicts that the world's population could double by 2050, reaching over 12 billion |
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