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Effects of geography on India The river valley near the Indus River made agriculture possible. The Himalaya mts. separated India from other countries and helped it develop its distinct culture. The Arabian sea and Indian Ocean provided fish. Importance of monsoons Seasonal wind brings moisture from Indian Ocean to water the crops.If the rains are late, famine and starvation may occur. Remains of two cities (Mohenjo-Daro, Harappa) reveal Remain suggests that the Indus Valley civilization was largest of ancient civilizations until rise of Persia 1000 years later. Both cities were well-planned(grid-like pattern) with well-organized governments.Civilization was lost probably from volcanic eruption or earthquake. Importance of Aryan invasion Aryans built a new civilization near the Ganges River.Divided people by occupation:Brahmins,Kshatriyas and Vaisyas which lead to the caste system. Hinduism characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being of many forms and natures, by the view that opposing theories are aspects of one eternal truth, and by a caste system Buddhism the teaching of Buddha that life is permeated with suffering caused by desire, that suffering ceases when desire ceases, and that enlightenment obtained through right conduct and wisdom and meditation releases one from desire and suffering and rebirth India's Golden Age Golden Age of the Guptas lead to a strong government, peace, prosperity,advances in mathematics,medicine ,architecture, carvings, paintings,literature. Effect of China's geography High mountains (Himalayas and Tien Shan), brutal deserts(Gobi),and thick jungles isolated China from other countries. This lead to the belief that China was center of Earth. Early Chinese civilization development Huang He Valley where Neolithic people learned to farm. dynastic cycle rise and fall of Chinese dynasties according to the Mandate of Heaven Mandate of Heaven a political theory of ancient China in which those in power were given the right to rule from a divine source; new dynasty claims the Mandate of Heaven and old dynasty fails Golden Age of China During the Shang and Zhou dynasties Chinese made achievements in astronomy, bronzework, silkmaking, books and writing Effects of Mongol rule on China The Silk road was secured and trade flourished.Through increased trade cultural exchanged increased as foods,tools, inventions,and ideas spread along the trade routes. Great Wall of China A huge wall that is over 6000 miles, which was built to keep the Mongolians in the north out of China. Feudal system A system of trading loyalties for protection in the middle ages Silk Road an ancient trade route between China and the Mediterranean (4,000 miles) Zheng He A Chinese Muslim admiral, entrusted by the Ming emperor with a series of state voyages that took his gigantic ships through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa.