Final US History Exam- Smith
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Created by:
kathleeners13 on May 30, 2011
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114 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Service Men's Readjustment Act (GI Bill) | what bill provided loans to veterans to establish businesses to buy homes and to attend college? (two names) |
| Taft-Hartley Act | what act allowed courts to end strikes and outlawed closed & union shops as well as featherbedding |
| Closed Shop | an agreement in which a company agrees to hire only union members |
| Right-to-work laws | a law making it illegal to require employees to join a union |
| Union Shops | a business that requires employees to join a union |
| Featherbedding | practice of limiting work output in order to create more jobs |
| "Creeping Socialism" | Federal government's continuing aid to businesses, this was esp. targeted by Eisenhower |
| St. Lawrence Seaway | Congress authorized construction of this to connect the Great Lakes with the Atlantic Ocean through a series of locks on the St. Lawrence River |
| Multinational Corporations | large corporations who expanded overseas who located themselves closer to important raw materials and benefited from a cheaper labor pool |
| Baby Boom | American birthrate exploded after World War II (factors: young couples delayed marriage, government encouraged growth of families through GI benefits, and popular culture celebrated pregnancy) |
| Rock n Roll | 1950s new genre of music that stemmed from African American rhythms and sounds |
| Poverty Line | a figure the government set to reflect the minimum income required to support a family |
| Urban Renewal | programs that tried to eliminate poverty by tearing down slums and erecting new high-rise buildings for poor residents. ended up creating an atmosphere of violence and destroying more housing than created |
| Bracero Program | brought 5 million Mexicans to the United States to work on farms and ranches in the Southwest |
| Termination Policy | a government policy to bring Native Americans into mainstream society by withdrawing recognition of Native American groups as legal entities |
| Presidential Commission on the Status of Women | communism called for federal action against gender discrimination and affirmed the right of women to equality paid employment |
| Flexible Response | the buildup of conventional troops and weapons to allow a nation to fight a limited war without using nuclear weapons |
| Alliance for Progress | a series of cooperative aid projects with Latin American governments |
| Peace Corps | organization that sent young Americans to perform humanitarian services in developing countries and is still active today |
| La Brigada | Eisenhower authorized the CIA to secretly train and arm Cuban exiles to invade the island |
| Bay of Pigs | April 17th, 1961, 1400 armed Cuban exiles landed at the ___ on the south coast of Cuba. However, the invasion was a disaster |
| Berlin Wall | Krushchev wanted to stop the flood of Germans pouring out of Communist East Germany into West Berlin so he built the ___ blocking movement between the soviet sector and the rest of the city |
| Cuban Missile Crisis | The most serious crisis of JFK's administration was the ___ when the world stood on the brink of nuclear war. |
| Warren Commission | National commission headed by chief justice Warren concluded that Lee Harvey Oswald was the lone assassin who had killed president kennedy |
| Neighborhood Youth Corps | Provided work-study programs to help underprivileged young men and women earn a high school diploma or college degree |
| Volunteers in Service to America (VISTA) | this domestic peace corps put young people with skills and community-minded ideals to work in poor neighborhoods and rural areas to help people overcome poverty |
| Medicare | established a comprehensive health insurance program for all elderly people, financed through the Social security program |
| Medicaid | funded by federal and state governments. this provided health and medical assistance to low-income families |
| Entitlements | Both medicaid and medicare created ___. they entitle certain categories of americans to benefits. |
| Head Start | Directed at disadvantaged children who had "never looked at a picture book or scribbled with a crayon" in an effort to improve education for preschoolers |
| Upwad Bound | Designed to provide college preparation for low-income teenagers |
| Model Societies-Cities | authorized federal subsidies to many cities nationwide |
| De Facto Segregation | areas without laws requiring segregation ad this. Segregation by custom and tradition |
| Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) | Attempted to desegregate restaurants that refused to serve African Americans. Integrated many restaurants, theaters, and other public facilities |
| Sit-Ins | a form of protest involving occupying seats or sitting down on the floor of an establishment |
| Southern Manifesto | 1956 group of 101 Southern members of Congress who denounced the Supreme Court's ruling as a clear abuse of judicial power and pledged to use all lawful means to reverse the decision |
| Non-violent Passive Resistance | King believed this was the only moral way to end segregation and racism: resisting through marches, boycotts and sit-ins |
| March on Washington | August 28, 1963 200,000 demonstrators of all races flocked to Washington DC gathering near the Lincoln Memorial. this is also when King gave his "I have a dream" speech |
| Southern Christian Leadership Conference | African American ministers led by King in 1957 set out to eliminate segregation from American society and to encourage African Americans to register to vote |
| Civil Rights Act, 1964 | The monumental piece of legislation prohibited discrimination based on race, religion, national origin, color, and sex |
| 24th Amendment-poll taxes | eliminated poll taxes (fees paid in order to vote) in federal elections only |
| Bloody Sunday | The brutal attack by the police against peaceful demonstrators in Selma, Alabama |
| Voting Rights Act, 1965 | the passage of this Act was a turning point in the civil Rights movement because it outlawed the use of literacy tests and gave the federal government the power to register African American voters |
| Kerner Commission | this commission studied the causes of urban riots and made recommendations to prevent them from happening again in the future |
| Domino Theory | belief that if Vietnam fell to communism, so would the other nations of southeast Asia |
| Dien Bien Phu | in 1954 the French commander ordered his forces to occupy the mountain town of ___. Siezing the town would interfere with the Vietminh's supply lines and force them into open battle |
| Geneva Accords | negotiations held in Geneva, Swtizerland. these negotiations stated that Ho Chi Minh and the Vietminh would be in control of North Vietnam and pro-Western regime would be in control of the South |
| Gulf of Tonkin Resolution | in response to North Vietnamese firing on american destroyers, the Senate and House authorized the president to "take all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against the forces of the United States and to prevent further agression" |
| Search and Destroy Missions | American troops tried to find enemy troops, bomb their positions, destroy their supply lines, and force them out into the open for combat |
| increased, 1/3 | During the 1950s, the number of married women working ___ (increased/decreased) and by 1960, nearly ___ (fraction) of all married women worked outside of the home. |
| Strategic hamlets | villagers were moved to these other villages that were protected by machine guns, bunkers, trenches, and barbed wire. |
| Operation Rolling Thunder | Johnson shifted his policy to sustained bombing campaign against North Vietnam |
| Napalm | jellied gasoline that explodes on contact |
| Agent Orange | a chemical that strips leaves from trees and shrubs. used to try and destroy landscape so Vietcong couldn't hide in the thick jungle |
| Thomas Dewey | New York's governor, also a dignified and popular candidate who seemed unbeatable in the election of 1948 |
| Kemmons Wilson | created the Holiday Inn motel chain allowing families to have a welcoming and affordable place to stay on vacation |
| John K. Galbraith | in 1958, this economist published The Affluent Society in which he claimed that the nation's postwar prosperity was a new phenomenon |
| Bardeen, Brattain, Shockley | these three guys created the transistor which made possible the creation of smaller radios and calculators |
| Lucille Ball and Desi Arnaz | this couple (two people) starred on the popular TV show I Love Lucy. more people watched the episode of her child being born than the inauguration |
| Sidney Poitier | movies with African Aericans routinely portrayed them in stereotypical roles such as maids, servants, or sidekicks for white heroes. this lady resented having to play such parts |
| Buddy Holly, Chuck Berry, Bill Haley, Elvis Presley, Ray Charles | Rock n Roll stars in the early 1950s |
| Elvis Presley | this man was born in rural Mississippi and grew up in poor Memphis Tennessee and eventually claimed the title of "Kng of Rock 'n' Roll" |
| Lorraine Hansberry | ___ wrote the play: A Raisin in the Sun: which won the New York Drama Critics Circle Award for best play of the year. |
| Kennedy Nixon Debates | first televised presidential debates |
| Esther Peterson | Assistant secretary of labor and director of the Women's Bureau of the Department of Labor |
| Green Berets | the special forces- a small army unit created in the 1950s to wage guerrilla warfare in limited conflicts |
| Nikita Khrushchev | After Stalin died in 1953, this man emerged as the leader of the soviets in 1956. that same year he delivered a secret speech to soviet leaders saying how he wanted to turn the country Communist |
| Robert Weaver | the first African american to serve in a cabinet |
| Thurgood Marshall | the chief of legal counsel for the NAACP who argued in front of the Supreme Court many times why segregation was unconstitutional. also became the first AA to sit on the nation's highest court |
| Jo Anne Robinson | Head of a local organization called the Women's Political Council. she also called on AA to boycott Montgomery's buses on the day Rosa Parks appeared in court, which was a success |
| Martin Luther King Jr. | Led the montgomery bus boycott. also president of SCLC (southern Christian Leadership Conference) |
| McNeil, Blair, Richmond, McCain | when these 4 African Americans were young, they enrolled at North Carolina Agricultural and Technical College in Greensboro. They did a sit-in at the nearby Woolworth's department store |
| Robert Moses | a SNCC volunteer from New York who pointed out that the civil rights movement tended to focus on urban areas |
| Freedom Riders | integrated teams of civil rights workers who traveled in the South in 1961 challenging the South's segregation laws |
| Richard Nixon | I gave the checker's speech and am Eisenhower's vice president. I also ran in 1968 and won the election. who am I? |
| Margaret Chase Smith | a republican from Maine who was elected to the Senate in 1946. as a newcomer and the only woman in the senate, she had very little power, though she did give the "Declaration of Conscience" speech |
| Bill Levitt | this man created the first planned community |
| Levittown | this was the first planned community created by Bill Levitt on the outskirts of New York City |
| Albert Sabin | Developed an oral version of the vaccine that prevented polio; medical hero |
| Jonas Salk | developed a vaccine that prevented polio; medical hero |
| Jack Benny, Bob Hope | adapted from popular old radio shows. ___ enjoyed considerable television success with his routines of bad violin playing and stingy behavior |
| Alan Freed | this man was a radio disc jockey who noticed white teenagers buying African American rhythm and blues records, so he started to boradcast these tunes on the radio and with that rock n roll was born |
| Michael Harrington | writer and during the 1950s he set out to chronicle poverty in the United States. wrote: The Other America (published in 1962) |
| Fidel Castro, Fulgencio Batista | _1__ overthrew __2_ in 1959. almost immediately, 1 established ties with the soviet union, instituted drastic land reforms, and seized foreign owned businesses |
| Earl Warren | popular governor of california who became Chief Justice of the United states. the Warren Court took an activist stance, helping to shape national policy by taking a forceful stand on a number of key issues of the day |
| Neil Armstrong | the first person to step on the moon, fulfilling Kennedy's dream of putting a man on the moon |
| Barry Goldwater | Johnson's republican opponent in the 1964 election, from arizona |
| Rosa Parks | this woman was "tired of being tired" so she sat down on the bus and started the modern Civil Rights Movement |
| Harry Byrd | in washington DC, Senatory Byrd of Virginia called on Southerners to adopt "massive resistance" against the ruling of Brown v. Board of Education. civil rights act of 1964 |
| Mohandas Gandhi | king called upon philosophy and techniques of this Indian leader who had used nonviolent resistance effectively against British rule in India |
| Ella Baker | encouraged college students to create SNCC and gave direction to the students when she was president |
| Goodman, Chaney, and Schwerner | these three men were killed fro trying to register a black man to vote. police found their bodies, all with a single shot except for the black man who had severe skull damage |
| Eugene "Bull" Conner | head of police in Birmingham who was found guilty of the bombs going off on the buses: the FBI found evidence showing he contacted the local KKK and told them he wanted the Freedom Riders beaten until "it looked like a bulldog got a hold of them." |
| Medgar Evers | head of the NAACP during Civil Rights movement. in 1963, boycott in downtown Jackson that organized hundreds of little kids and was assassinated by a single gunshot to the back |
| Jim Clark | to prevent AA from registering to vote, this sheriff had deputized and armed dozens of white citizens |
| Ho Chi Minh | "Bringer of Light" who became an advocate of communism. in 1930 he returned to Southeast Asia where he helped found the Indochinese Communist Party and worked to overthrow French rule |
| Vietminh | organized by Ho Chi Minh. this group united both communists and non-communists in the struggle to expel the Japanese forces |
| Henry Cabot Lodge | when this man expressed American sympathy the generals in Vietnam launched a military coup and seized power on November 1, 1963 and executed Diem shortly afterwards |
| William Westermoreland | American commander in South Vietnam who reported that the enemy was on the brink of defeat |
| Ngo Dihn Diem | this man was pro-western, unlike Ho Chi Minh, fiercely anti-communist, and a catholic |
| Robert McNamara | secretary of defense |
| John Lewis, Diane Nash | _1_ and _2_ were founders of Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) they also participated in sit-ins and were freedom riders. 1 is still a congressman today |
| Reynolds v. Simms | the court held that the inequality of representation in the Alabama legislature violated the equal protection clause for the Fourteenth Amendment |
| Gideon v. Wainwright | Ruled that the poor defendants in criminal cases have the tight to a state-paid attorney under the sixth amendment |
| Miranda v. Arizona | held that a person in police custody may not be held unless reminded of his or her rights, including: right to remain silent, the right to attorney (at govt expense if person is unable to pay), and that anything the person says after acknowledging that he or she understands these rights can be used as evidence of guilt at trial |
| Abington School District v. Schempp | struck down a Pennsylvania statute requiring public schools in the state to begin each school day with Bible readings and recitation of the lord's prayer. the court held that the constitution's establishment lause leaves religious beliefs and practices to the individual's choice |
| Brown v. Board of Education | the supreme court case of 1954 that declared segregation in public schools unconstitutional |
| Morgan v. Virginia | challenged racial segregation in the South. Irene Morgan was convicted for refusing to give up her seat on an interstate bus bound from Virginia to Maryland. the Court ruled that the virginia law passed is an undue burden on interstate commerse and struck down the statute. however, segregation on southern buses continued on an informal basis. |
| Mapp v. Ohio | established that evidence seized in violation of the fourth Amendment could not be used by the prosecution as evidence of a defendant's guilt at the federal, state, or local level. |
| Escobedo v. Illinois` | held that Danny Escobedo's right to counsel as provided by the Sixth amendment, had been violated. |
| Engel v. Vitale | held that the establishment clause was violated by a public school district's practice of starting each school day with "Almighty God, we acknowledge our dependence upon Thee." the Court ruled religious is again personal and individual's choice. |
| Griswold v. Connecticut | Overturned the conviction of two Planned Parenthood employees charged with violating an 1879 state law banning the use of contraceptives |
| Norris v. Alabama | overturned the conviction of Clarence Norris, an AA sentenced to death for a crime in alabama. the Court held that the grand jury and trial jury had systematically eliminated AA jurors. thus, the Court reversed the conviction because it violated the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment |
| Sweatt v. Painter | held that it was unconstitutional for AA to be denied admission to the University of Texas Law School based on race |
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